Efficacy of Doppler ultrasound [correction of utrasound] for screening symptoms of decompression sickness during simulated extravehicular activities

Doppler ultrasound is frequently used for monitoring circulating microbubbles during decompression to assess the symptoms of Decompression Sickness (DCS). This analysis was carried out to evaluate its effectiveness for screening symptoms of DCS during simulated extravehicular activities (EVA). The information from various hypobaric chamber studies carried out at the NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX was used in this analysis (n = 516). The circulating microbubbles were detected in the precordial area in 42% (218/516), and symptoms were reported in 16% (81/516) of these exposures. The accuracy of Doppler-detectable bubbles (Spencer grades) on all symptoms of DCS was examined by calculating measures of sensitivity and specificity. The efficacy of Doppler as a screening device was examined by calculating their positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The results of these analyses indicated that the sensitivity of Doppler decreased, and the PPV increased with higher Spencer grades. However, the likelihood of detecting true negative cases (NPV) was consistently higher with all bubble grades. Due to the high false-positive rate and low prior probabilities of the risk of DCS, Doppler was found to be more useful to identify those who did not develop DCS, than to detect positive cases of DCS in the simulated EVA exposures.     

Cutting the bread

Why the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) will not work - whereas the Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities may.     

中西方文化差异在旅游主体上的反映

中西方文化差异对旅游主体——旅游者和旅游活动有着很大的影响，通过分析中西文化的差异性提出了旅游目的地的建设与发展的一些对策和建议。     

东西方旅游文化比较研究

不同的地理自然环境、社会文化传承造成了东西方人群在审美情趣上的差异,这种差异体现在设计和开发同类型的旅游景点时不同的设计理念、游览模式、游客体验等等。溶洞旅游在自然旅游吸引物中占据了重要的地位．桂林又是以独特的喀斯特地貌和溶洞资源闻名于世,因此以溶洞为例,探讨中西方旅游文化的不同有重要的现实意义．有利于研究溶洞旅游资源的可持续开发。     

应用型本科旅游管理专业人才培养方案改革与实践

围绕应用型本科的内涵及培养具有较高适应性的高素质应用型人才,实现大学培养与社会需求的良好对接,研究旅游管理专业培养高级应用型人才培养目标、培养规格,制定出课程体系表.     

Energy utilization rates during shuttle extravehicular activities

The work rates or energy utilization rates during EVA are major factors in sizing of life support systems. These rates also provide a measure of ease of EVA and its cost in crew fatigue. From the first Shuttle EVA on the STS-6 mission in 1983, we have conducted 59 man-EVA and 341 man-hours of EVA. Energy utilization rates have been measured on each of these EVA. Metabolic rate was measured during each EVA using oxygen utilization corrected for suit leakage. From 1981–1987, these data were available for average data over the EVA or over large segments of the EVA. Since 1987, EVA oxygen utilization data were available at 2-minute intervals. The average metabolic rate on Shuttle EVA (194 kcal/hr.) has been significantly lower than metabolic rates during Apollo and Skylab missions. Peak rates have been below design levels, infrequent, and of short duration. The data suggest that the energy cost of tasks may be inversely related to the degree of training for the task. The data provide insight on the safety margins provided by life support designs and on the energy cost of Station construction EVA.     

汉英旅游文本主要差异及其翻译

提高旅游资料的翻译质量能推进中国旅游业的发展。通过分析中英文旅游资料各自的文本类型特点以及中西文化的差异,本文提出了若干个相应的翻译原则和技巧。这些技巧和原则包括:删减与调整、增词法、类比法、解释法。娴熟地运用这些技巧可以提高翻译质量从而使不同的文化得到更好的交流和沟通。     

韩城区域经济发展的定位与思考

韩城，是我国著名的历史学家司马迁的故乡，是我国历史文化名城。但她仅是一座县级城市，一座小城，其经济状况与历史名城极不适应。韩城要发展，重点是要定好位，并给予政策扶持。要以文化产业为先导，振兴旅游业，带动现有的强势工业的改造和升级，发展特色农业，使韩城真正成为一座文化大市，旅游强市，煤炭、电力、钢铁发达，特色农业鲜明的现代化区域中心城市。     

以竞赛为契机丰富第二课堂--从全国大学生电子设计竞赛谈学生课外科技活动的开展

全国大学生电子设计竞赛对提高学生的综合素质和动手能力很有必要，同时竞赛也向大学生的科技活动提出了更高要求。加强对学生科技活动的指导，规范科技活动与课内、课外有机结合，设立奖励基金，是提升大学生科技创新能力的有效途径。     

“监狱旅游”初探——以青岛德国监狱旧址博物馆为例

在现代社会里,人们对旅游差异化和体验化的高要求推动了旅游范围的扩大和旅游方式的多元化。在这种背景下,监狱作为一种旅游吸引物与目的地,正渐渐受到人们青睐。文章首先对监狱旅游进行分析,认为监狱文化是监狱旅游的核心内容,而监狱文化本身又包含司法文化、建筑文化、社会文化以及民族历史等多层次内容,结合青岛德国监狱旧址博物馆旅游开发的现状,提出监狱旅游应与同类旅游资源进行整合,形成合力,增加体验性设计,注重建筑景观协调等建议。