Efficacy of Doppler ultrasound [correction of utrasound] for screening symptoms of decompression sickness during simulated extravehicular activities

Doppler ultrasound is frequently used for monitoring circulating microbubbles during decompression to assess the symptoms of Decompression Sickness (DCS). This analysis was carried out to evaluate its effectiveness for screening symptoms of DCS during simulated extravehicular activities (EVA). The information from various hypobaric chamber studies carried out at the NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX was used in this analysis (n = 516). The circulating microbubbles were detected in the precordial area in 42% (218/516), and symptoms were reported in 16% (81/516) of these exposures. The accuracy of Doppler-detectable bubbles (Spencer grades) on all symptoms of DCS was examined by calculating measures of sensitivity and specificity. The efficacy of Doppler as a screening device was examined by calculating their positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The results of these analyses indicated that the sensitivity of Doppler decreased, and the PPV increased with higher Spencer grades. However, the likelihood of detecting true negative cases (NPV) was consistently higher with all bubble grades. Due to the high false-positive rate and low prior probabilities of the risk of DCS, Doppler was found to be more useful to identify those who did not develop DCS, than to detect positive cases of DCS in the simulated EVA exposures.     

污泥脱水性能探讨

随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市污水处理率逐年提高,城市污水处理厂的污泥产量也急剧增加。为避免给水体和大气带来二次污染,对生态环境和人类的活动构成严重威胁,剩余活性污泥的处理和处置问题十分重要,特对污泥脱水的性能进行分析研究。结合有关研究结果和资料,提高污泥的脱水效果。     

生产关系就是分配关系

在马克思的著作中对生产关系的论述本来是清楚的、明确的，牛产关系和分配关系是不可分割的统一体，它们构成了一定社会的生产方式。把生产关系定义为三因素的观点是理论开倒车的行为。     

An experimental study of the dual-loop control of electro-hydraulic load simulator （EHLS）

This paper investigates motion coupling disturbance（the so called surplus torque）in the hardware-in-the-loop（HIL）experiments.The＇＇velocity synchronization scheme＇＇was proposed by Jiao for an electro-hydraulic load simulator（EHLS）in 2004.In some situations,however,the scheme is limited in the implementation for certain reasons,as is the case when the actuator＇s valve signal is not available or it is seriously polluted by noise.To solve these problems,a＇＇dual-loop scheme＇＇is developed for EHLS.The dual-loop scheme is a combination of a torque loop and a position synchronization loop.The role of the position synchronization loop is to decouple the motion disturbance caused by the actuator system.To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme,extensive simulations are performed using AMESim.Then,the performance of the developed method is validated by experiments.     

Study of values and interpersonal perception in cosmonauts on board of international space station

The increased heterogeneity of International Space Station (ISS) crews′ composition (in terms of nationality, profession and gender) together with stressful situations, due to space flight, can have a significant impact on group interaction and cohesion, as well as on communications with Mission Control Center (MCC) and the success of the mission as a whole. Culturally related differences in values, goals, and behavioral norms could influence mutual perception and, thus, cohesive group formation. The purpose of onboard “Interaction-Attitudes” experiment is to study the patterns of small group (space crew) behavior in extended space flight. Onboard studies were performed in the course of ISS Missions 19–30 with participation of twelve Russian crewmembers. Experimental schedule included 3 phases: preflight training and Baseline Data Collection; inflight activities once in two weeks; post-flight measurement. We used Personal Self-Perception and Attitudes (PSPA) software for analyzing subjects′ attitudes toward social environment (crewmembers and MCC). It is based on the semantic differential and the repertory grid technique. To study the content of interpersonal perception we used content-analysis with participation of the experts, independently attributing each construct to the 17 semantic categories, which were described in our previous study. The data obtained demonstrated that the system of values and personal attitudes in the majority of participated cosmonauts remained mostly stable under stress-factors of extended space flight. Content-analysis of the important criteria elaborated by the subjects for evaluation of their social environment, showed that the most valuable personal traits for cosmonauts were those that provided the successful fulfillment of professional activity (motivation, intellectual level, knowledge, and self-discipline) and good social relationships (sociability, friendship, and tolerance), as well. Post-flight study of changes in perceptions, related to Real Self-image, did not reveal significant differences between the images of Russian crew-members and representatives from foreign space agencies. A certain difference in perceptions was found in cosmonauts with more integrated system of evaluations: after space flight they perceived foreign participants as “closer” to their Ideal, while Russian crew-members were perceived mostly as “distant” from Ideal Self of these subjects. Perceptions of people from Earth were also more critical. These differences are likely to be manifestations of interpersonal perception stereotypes. Described patterns of changes in perceptions of cosmonauts, who have performed space flight as a part of ISS multinational crew, allow us to suggest the recommendations for development of ISS crew training, in particular, it seems useful to increase the time of joint training for deepening of intercultural interaction.     

论我国农村剩余劳动力转移制约因素及对策

中国作为一个人口大国，农村发展目前面临的最大制约因素就是农村剩余劳动力的大量存在，解决农村剩余劳动力的出路问题，是加快农业和农村经济发展，多渠道增加农民收入的迫切需要。目前制约农村剩余劳动力转移是由制度障碍，自身素质等多种因素造成的，在此基础上提出了对策建议。     

Cross-cultural issues in space operations: A survey study among ground personnel of the European Space Agency

Today's space operations involve co-working of people with different ethnical, professional and organisational backgrounds. The aim of this study was to examine the implications of cultural diversity for efficient collaboration within the European Space Agency (ESA), and between ESA employees and representatives from other agencies. ESA employees from European countries (N=576) answered to the CULT Ground Survey. The results showed that differences in relation to leadership and decision making were the most important issues thought to interfere with efficient co-working within ESA, and between ESA employees and colleagues from other agencies. Employees who collaborated with more than three nationalities within ESA indicated most challenges in co-working due to differences in compliance, behavioural norms and competitiveness. Challenges in co-working differed between agencies, and these differences were consistent with value differences in the national populations. The results may have applied value for training of European employees working in international space program teams.     

基于H_∞控制理论的电动负载模拟器多余力矩抑制

为抑制由舵机主动运动产生的多余力矩以实现负载台的恒力矩加载,基于理论建模和频响辨识建立了系统数学模型,用H∞控制方法抑制多余力矩,设计了H∞控制器。仿真和实验结果证明此种抑制多余力矩方法有效。     

衬垫材料冲击特性测量数据的精度验证

本文提出了在冲击状态下对衬垫材料特性进行测量时，所获实验数据的精度验证方法，根据测量原理，作者首先进行了精度验证公式的推导，据以定义了精度验证因子。然后利用所获验证公式对实验测量数据进行了定量计算，并与验证因子的理论值加以对比。对比结果表明：作者在衬垫材料冲击特性的实验研究中所获测量数据具有足够的精度。本文所提出的精度验证方法亦可用于其它场合。     

Development of theoretical approaches to the control of a water-treatment system

The Advanced Life Support/NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training (ALS/NSCORT) focuses on research and development of technologies to support human habitation during space missions. This research was done as part of an effort to maintain crewmembers’ water supply in a closed life-support system. The water subsystem was the primary focus of this study because water is one of the most expensive and important resources for human survival.