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1.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2023,71(5):2332-2347
In this study we present an analytical formulation of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) altimetry signals including narrow banded nonlinear wave fields and conditional statistics between wave elevation displacements, horizontal wave slopes and vertical wave particle velocities. Considering the wave elevation displacements coskewness with respect to horizontal slopes leads to an analytical formulation of the electromagnetic bias within a SAR-mode altimeter stack. This formulation can be either parametrized by the significant wave height (SWH) and mean wave steepness, or in terms of the variance of vertical wave velocities. The effect of conditional vertical wave particle velocity variances with respect to the observed horizontal wave slopes close to nadir incidence angles leads to an effective reduction of the azimuth blurring of SAR-mode stacks. We present here a formulation of this effect by examining JONSWAP ocean wave spectra. In most cases this effect reduces the azimuth blurring by 10% to 30%. Additionally we investigate the effect of a nonlinear wave elevation displacement probability density function (PDF) on estimated geophysical parameters. We were able to show that including an elevation displacement skewness of 0.13 improves significantly the SWH consistency between altimetry and ECMWF Reanalysis v5 ERA5 results.All of these effects are validated with respect to ERA5 model data in the North East Atlantic region and in situ data located in the German Bight and Baltic Sea.The developed model can be used in both SAR and conventional altimetry retrackers. 相似文献
2.
Space Science Reviews - We discuss afresh the problem of the auroral electron acceleration based on the controversy reports of Bryant, D. A. et al.: 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 37, and Borovsky, J.:... 相似文献
3.
4.
A numerical procedure for the calculation of the transonic dip of airfoils in the time domain is presented. A viscous-inviscid aerodynamic interaction method is taken to calculate the unsteady aerodynamic loads. In the present case the integral boundary layer equations are coupled with the Transonic Small Disturbance (TSD) Potential Equation. The coupling between structural motion and aerodynamic loads is carried out using State Space equation. It is solved by State Transition Matrix technique. Results are presented for NACA 64A010 and NLR 7301 airfoils with structural data from Isogai and DLR, respectively. Comparisons show good agreement with other numerical results. Certain deviations of experimental data taken from literature need more insight in the detailed test conditions. 相似文献
5.
The significance of external influences on the environment of Earth and its atmosphere has become evident during recent years.
Especially, on time scales of several hundred years, the cosmogenic isotope concentration during the Wolf-, Spoerer-, Maunder-
and Dalton-Minimum indicates an increased cosmic ray flux. Because these grand minima of solar activity coincide with cold
periods, a correlation of the Earth climate with the cosmic ray intensities is plausible. Any quantitative study of the effects
of energetic particles on the atmosphere and environment of the Earth must address their transport to Earth and their interactions
with the Earth’s atmosphere including their filtering by the terrestrial magnetosphere. The first problem is one of the fundamental
problems in modern cosmic ray astrophysics, and corresponding studies began in the 1960s based on Parker’s cosmic ray modulation
theory taking into account diffusion, convection, adiabatic deceleration, and (later) the drift of energetic particles in
the global heliospheric magnetic field. It is well established that all of these processes determining the modulation of cosmic
rays are depending on parameters that are varying with the solar magnetic cycle. Therefore, the galactic cosmic ray intensities
close to Earth is the result of a complex modulation of the interstellar galactic spectrum within the heliosphere. The modern
view of this cosmic ray modulation is summarized in our contribution. 相似文献
6.
Aprajita Verma Vassilis Charmandaris Ulrich Klaas Dieter Lutz Martin Haas 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):355-407
Some of the most ‘active’ galaxies in the Universe are obscured by large quantities of dust and emit a substantial fraction
of their bolometric luminosity in the infrared. Observations of these infrared luminous galaxies with the Infrared Space Observatory
(ISO) have provided a relatively unabsorbed view to the sources fuelling this active emission. The improved sensitivity, spatial
resolution and spectroscopic capability of ISO over its predecessor Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) of enabled significant
advances in the understanding of the infrared properties of active galaxies. ISO surveyed a wide range of active galaxies
which, in the context of this review, includes those powered by intense bursts of star formation as well as those containing
a dominant active galactic nucleus (AGN). Mid-infrared imaging resolved for the first time the dust enshrouded nuclei in many
nearby galaxies, while a new era in infrared spectroscopy was opened by probing a wealth of atomic, ionic and molecular lines
as well as broad band features in the mid- and far-infrared. This was particularly useful, since it resulted in the understanding
of the power production, excitation and fuelling mechanisms in the nuclei of active galaxies including the intriguing but
so far elusive ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Detailed studies of various classes of AGN and quasars greatly improved our
understanding of the unification scenario. Far-infrared imaging and photometry revealed the presence of a new very cold dust
component in galaxies and furthered our knowledge of the far-infrared properties of faint starbursts, ULIGs and quasars. We
summarise almost nine years of key results based on ISO data spanning the full range of luminosity and type of active galaxies. 相似文献
7.
Joris A. D. L. Blommaert Jan Cami Ryszard Szczerba Michael J. Barlow 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):215-243
A large fraction of ISO observing time was used to study the late stages of stellar evolution. Many molecular and solid state
features, including crystalline silicates and the rotational lines of water vapour, were detected for the first time in the
spectra of (post-)Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. Their analysis has greatly improved our knowledge of stellar atmospheres
and circumstellar environments. A surprising number of objects, particularly young planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet (WR)
central stars, were found to exhibit emission features in their ISO spectra that are characteristic of both oxygen-rich and
carbon-rich dust species, while far-IR observations of the PDR around NGC 7027 led to the first detections of the rotational
line spectra of CH and CH+.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
8.
L. B. F. M. Waters 《Space Science Reviews》1992,61(1-2):25-43
In this review the IR emission from circumstellar material is discussed, both of ionized gas and dust grains, and the astrophysical information that can be extracted from such observations. Some emphasis is placed on the possibilities of stellar IR astronomy using a large space-borne telescope, especially with respect to the much better spatial and spectral resolution of such a telescope compared to the current generation of ground-based and space IR telescopes. 相似文献
9.
用数值方法模拟双锥,圆柱,椭球、圆锥和倒圆锥五类等质量异形铝粒子五种高宽比共25种粒子对半无限铝靶的超高速撞击侵蚀,撞击速度为4km/s,给出了坑深、坑径、坑形参数和坑体积随粒子形状及高宽比的变化曲线。结果与非圆球异形粒子超高速撞击侵蚀计算有重要参考价值。 相似文献
10.
Although the elemental composition in all parts of the solar photosphere appears to be the same this is clearly not the case
with the solar upper atmosphere (SUA). Spectroscopic studies show that in the corona elemental composition along solar equatorial
regions is usually different from polar regions; composition in quiet Sun regions is often different from coronal hole and
active region compositions and the transition region composition is frequently different from the coronal composition along
the same line of sight. In the following two issues are discussed. The first involves abundance ratios between the high-FIP
O and Ne and the low-FIP Mg and Fe that are important for meaningful comparisons between photospheric and SUA compositions
and the second involves a review of composition and time variability of SUA plasmas at heights of 1.0≤h≤1.5R
⊙. 相似文献