Hierarchical object oriented classification using very high resolution imagery and LIDAR data over urban areas

Urban land cover information extraction is a hot topic within urban studies. Heterogeneous spectra of high resolution imagery—caused by the inner complexity of urban areas—make it difficult. In this paper a hierarchical object oriented classification method over an urban area is presented. Combining QuickBird imagery and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data, nine kinds of land cover objects were extracted. The Spectral Shape Index (SSI) method is used to distinguish water and shadow from black body mask, with 100% classification accuracy for water and 95.56% for shadow. Vegetation was extracted by using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image at first, and then a more accurate classification result of shrub and grassland is obtained by integrating the height information from LIDAR data. The classification accuracy of shrub was improved from 85.25% to 92.09% and from 82.86% to 97.06% for grassland. More granularity of this classification can be obtained by using this method. High buildings and low buildings can, for example, be distinguished from the original building class. Road class can also be further classified into roads and crossroads. The comparison of the classification accuracy between this method and the traditional pixel-based method indicates that the total accuracy is improved from 69.12% to 89.40%.     

单目-无扫描3D激光雷达融合的非合作目标相对位姿估计

针对传统的利用单一视觉传感器难以实现复杂非合作空间操控导航的问题,提出一种基于单目相机与无扫描三维激光雷达融合的非合作目标相对位姿估计方法。首先,设计了基于成像几何关系的单目纹理-非扫描距离图像的快速配准与融合方法;之后,在构建目标同步定位与建图（SLAM）贝叶斯滤波模型基础上,提出一种扩展卡尔曼滤波-无损卡尔曼滤波-粒子滤波联合的滤波估计算法,可实现尺度模糊下相对位姿的快速鲁棒估计;其次,针对估计中的尺度模糊问题,提出基于融合图像的全局尺度系数确定方法,将尺度系数估计问题转化为简单线性滤波问题。基于OpenGL生成的2D/3D图像实验表明：所提出的方法具有较优的精度和鲁棒性;相对位置估计误差与尺度估计误差相关,二者近似成线性正比关系。     

复杂环境下微小飞行器惯性/激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法

针对微小型飞行器在巡检、探测和地图构建等应用中关键的自主导航技术,提出了一种基于惯性辅助的激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法用于微小型飞行器自主导航。相对于传统的激光雷达SLAM方法,该方法在SLAM框架中引入了感知环境突变检测方法,并且加强了惯性与SLAM的组合程度,有效地解决了高程方向感知环境发生突变时激光雷达SLAM定位误差大的问题。室内车库实际飞行实验结果表明,该方法能够实现微小型飞行器在三维空间中实时可靠的自主导航,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

非平衡状态下星载三维激光雷达图像畸变研究

激光雷达是飞行器软着陆的重要辅助手段,在飞行器降落过程中它可以实时、精确、快速地确定星体表面局部区域的特征地形。但是,在扫描成像过程中它的载荷平台会有微小的震动,这种非平衡状态会导致由激光雷达获取的点云图像发生一定的畸变。结合激光雷达成像原理和误差传播理论分析了平台稳定性对三维激光雷达成像的影响,研究了在不同扫描周期内三维激光雷达图像变形。实验结果表明,除了受到仪器本身测量精度的影响之外,激光雷达获取图像质量还与扫描时间、成像区域密切相关。利用高分辨率的星载测时与测姿装置可以修正系统性的地形畸变,但是仪器误差也会引入到纠正后的图像之中。按照现有的平台姿态测量水平,控制激光雷达成像时间是它辅助导航着陆能否成功的关键。     

Sporadic sodium layers and the average vertical distribution of atmospheric sodium: Comparison of different Nas layer strengths

In an earlier study of sporadic sodium layers (Na_s) [Simonich, D.M., Clemesha B.R., Batista, P.P. Sporadic layers and the vertical distribution of atmospheric sodium. Adv. Space Res. 35, 1976–1980, 2005], observed by lidar at São José do Campos (23°S, 46°W) we found that, although individual profiles give the impression that Na_s layers involve sodium additional to the normal background layer, there is very little difference between the long-term averages of profiles with and without the presence of Na_s. This led us to conclude that Na_s layers result from the redistribution of an omnipresent source, rather than an additional source mechanism. We have now extended this study to investigate whether or not the relative magnitude of Na_s layers influences this conclusion. To this end we manually characterized all the profiles obtained in the time interval from 1900 to 2200 LT for the years 1993–2004. This involved registering the upper and lower limits to each Na_s layer observed, the height of the peak and the sodium concentration at each of these three points. We then computed average profiles for Na_s layers of differing strengths, with strength defined as the concentration at the peak divided by the mean of the concentrations at the upper and lower boundaries. For strengths up to 4 the results confirmed our earlier conclusion but for Na_s layer strengths greater than 4 we found a significant difference between the average profiles with and without Na_s. For the strong Na_s layers both the average abundance and the average peak sodium concentration were about 10% greater than for layers without Na_s. This leads to the possibility that a different mechanism might be responsible for very stronger sporadic layers although we do not think this very likely.     

The AWIATOR airborne LIDAR turbulence sensor

The development and first flight tests are described of a short pulse direct measuring UV LIDAR for the measurement of gusts, turbulence and potentially wake vortices. The results of these stage 1 tests confirm that relative wind velocities can be measured with a standard deviation of below 10 m/s even at high altitudes with no appreciable aerosol concentrations. Operating the system under various flight conditions including rain, dense clouds, and clear air up to 24,000 ft was highly successful. Means to push the standard deviation below 1.6 m/s, foremost by increasing the laser output power and the efficiency of the light collecting system, are identified and quantified. Questions of instrument stability are addressed.     

Impact of emissions from anthropogenic sources on satellite-derived reflectance

The present study deals with the impact of extensive anthropogenic activities associated with festivities and agricultural crop residues burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) on satellite-derived reflectance during November 2007. Intense smoke plumes were observed in the IRS-P4 OCM satellite data over IGP associated with agricultural crop residue burning during the study period. Terra-MODIS AOD and CALIPSO LIDAR backscatter datasets were analysed over the region to understand the spatial and temporal variation of the aerosol properties. Ground-based measurements on aerosol optical properties and black carbon (BC) mass concentration were carried out during 7–14 November 2007 over urban region of Hyderabad, India. Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance estimated from IRS-P4 Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) data showed large variations due to anthropogenic activities associated with crop residue burning and fireworks. Atmospheric corrections to OCM satellite data using 6S radiative transfer code with inputs from ground and satellite measurements could account for the variations due to differential aerosol loading. Results are discussed in this paper.     

激光雷达变脉宽模拟与探测数据的分析

本文提出了理想激光雷达回波功率Pm与实际回波功率Pr的概念，用数值方法求得不同脉冲宽度，可变背景，可变β层及不同接收门宽情况下的Pr/pm的与高度关系，应用计算结果处理了部分探测数据，显示了北京上空气溶胶导和到50km分子散射的某些形式与特征。