Diversity of Comets: Formation Zones and Dynamical Paths

The past dozen years have produced a new paradigm with regard to the source regions of comets in the early solar system. It is now widely recognized that the likely source of the Jupiter-family short-period comets (those with Tisserand parameters, T > 2 and periods, P, generally < 20 years) is the Kuiper belt in the ecliptic plane beyond Neptune. In contrast, the source of the Halley-type and long-period comets (those with T < 2 and P > 20 years) appears to be the Oort cloud. However, the comets in the Oort cloud almost certainly originated elsewhere, since accretion is very inefficient at such large heliocentric distances. New dynamical studies now suggest that the source of the Oort cloud comets is the entire giant planets region from Jupiter to Neptune, rather than primarily the Uranus-Neptune region, as previously thought. Some fraction of the Oort cloud population may even be asteroidal bodies formed inside the orbit of Jupiter. These comets and asteroids underwent a complex dynamical random walk among the giant planets before they were ejected to distant orbits in the Oort cloud, with possible interesting consequences for their thermal and collisional histories. Observational evidence for diversity in cometary compositions is limited, at best. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

复合材料MMB试件I-II混合型层间裂纹扩展分析

基于经典层合板理论及双线性黏聚区本构关系，建立了含一般分层裂纹层合板的理论模型，对I-Ⅱ混合型弯曲（MMB）断裂试件进行了裂纹扩展理论分析。提出了一种I-Ⅱ混合型断裂叠加模型，引入I型裂纹分量的刚体转动位移，同时考虑了裂纹长度超过试件半长后中部载荷分量对裂纹扩展的闭合效应，并根据黏聚区力学响应，分段获得了位移函数通解。结合叠加模型的边界条件与连续性条件，分析了MMB试件的裂纹扩展过程，求解获得了载荷-位移曲线。通过与梁模型预测以及试验结果进行对比，验证了本文模型对I-Ⅱ混合型裂纹扩展预测的有效性和准确性，并讨论了初始断裂模式混合比及闭合效应对裂纹扩展过程的影响。结果表明：初始Ⅱ型裂纹比重较大时，中部载荷的闭合效应更为明显，可能出现I型裂纹完全闭合的情况；裂纹扩展过程中，当裂纹长度小于试件半长时，断裂混合比基本保持常数；当裂纹扩展超过试件半长后，闭合效应明显，混合裂纹形式逐渐向单一型断裂模式退化。     

Effect of drag reducing riblet surface on coherent structure in turbulent boundary layer

The characteristics of turbulent boundary layer over streamwise aligned drag reducing riblet surface under zero-pressure gradient are investigated using particle image velocimetry. The formation and distribution of large-scale coherent structures and their effect on momentum partition are analyzed using two-point correlation and probability density function. Compared with smooth surface, the streamwise riblets reduce the friction velocity and Reynolds stress in the turbulent boundary layer, indicating the drag reduction effect. Strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of hairpin vortices and the momentum distribution. The number and streamwise length scale of hairpin vortices decrease over streamwise riblet surface. The correlation between number of uniform momentum zones and Reynolds number remains the same as smooth surface.     

超声速喷管性能优化研究与应用

基于重启全局最优化方法和高斯过程（GP）模型,以模型区流场指标为优化目标,对超声速喷管型面进行优化设计。给出0.6m连续式跨声速风洞流场测试结果,提出优化问题并验证了CFD计算的有效性。利用拥挤距离来控制重启局部优化算法的位置,实现更高效的重启全局最优化算法;利用高斯过程模型对喷管设计参数与模型区流场性能指标的关系进行建模,构造替代数学模型来执行优化搜索,以减少实际的CFD评估次数。结果表明:该方法能以较小的代价实现对喷管性能的优化,模型区马赫数方均根偏差由0.012降到0.001,马赫数梯度由0.049降到0。      

Polar caps and auroral zones under idealized axisymmetric magnetic fields

The geomagnetic field, modified by the solar wind, determines the shape, area and location of polar caps and auroral zones, among other magnetosphere and upper atmosphere characteristics. Since the field varies greatly with time it is of interest to analyze polar caps and auroral zones variations linked to magnetic field variations of intensity and pattern. Polar caps and auroral zones locations and areas for various single harmonic axial field configurations are obtained analytically assuming a simple magnetopause model. As the axial degree n increases, the polar caps and auroral zones total number, given by n + 1 and 2n respectively, also increase. However, their total areas decrease from a larger value in the case of an axial dipole to a minimum for an axial octupole (n = 3), and then increase for increasing degrees. The increasing rate is much higher in the auroral zones case to the point that it exceeds the dipolar value at n = 5 while in the polar caps case this occurs at n = 8. The absolute latitudes of the auroral zones and polar caps that reside around the geographical poles increase with axial degree. Our results represent an end-member case of the evolution of auroral zones and polar caps during polarity reversals if the transition involves axial dipole energy cascade to higher axial degrees. Evidence for such an energy transfer is found in the historical record of the geomagnetic secular variation.     

受限空间内三级旋流流场和燃烧性能研究

为研究受限空间内三级旋流器流场特征和对应的燃烧性能,对不同方案三级旋流器开展了试验和仿真研究,分析了2种典型流场（贴壁流场和锥形流场）特性及其对火焰形态、燃烧室性能指标的影响。结果表明,通过控制三级孔特征可实现三级旋流器下游贴壁流场和锥形流场之间的转变。三级孔为30°时,旋流器的高湍动能有利于强化燃油雾化,同时形成贴壁的大尺寸回流区有利于燃油在主燃区的空间扩散和均匀分布,能够改善燃烧室点熄火性能,但会导致主燃区火焰筒壁温较高。     

Remote sensing detection of gold related alteration zones in Um Rus area, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) images covering the Um Rus area in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt were evaluated for mapping geologic structure, lithology, and gold-related alteration zones. The study area is covered by Pan-African basement rocks including gabbro and granodiorite intruded into a variable mixture of metavolcanics and metasediments. The first three principal component analyses (PCA1, PCA2, PCA3) in a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) of the visible through shortwave-infrared (VNIR + SWIR) ASTER bands enabled the discrimination between lithological units. The results show that ASTER band ratios ((2 + 4)/3, (5 + 7)/6, (7 + 9)/8) in RGB identifies the lithological units and discriminates the granodiorite very well from the adjacent rock units.The granodiorites are dissected by gold-bearing quartz veins surrounded by alteration zones. The microscopic examination of samples collected from the alteration zones shows sericitic and argillic alteration zones. The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Information Divergence (SID) supervised classification methods were applied using the reference spectra of the USGS spectral library. The results show that these classification methods are capable of mapping the alteration zones as indicated by field verification work. The PALSAR image was enhanced for fracture mapping using the second moment co-occurrence filter. Overlying extracted faults and alteration zone classification images show that the N30E and N-S fractures represent potential zones for gold exploration. It is concluded that the proposed methods can be used as a powerful tool for ore deposit exploration.     

1.0wt％Li对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金时效硬化的影响

对含1.0wt%Li和不含Li的5.6wt%Zn,1.9wt%Mg,1.6wt%Cu,0.3wt%Er合金在110℃,120℃和160℃进行单级时效,并对含Li的铝合金进行110℃ 5h+160℃ 40h两级时效。由于合金中Li对GP区的抑制作用,与不含Li合金相比,含Li合金的单级时效硬化效果差。双级时效时,含Li铝合金具有较好的强化硬化效果,这与形成了η′相和T′相有关。     

飞机结构雷电防护试验符合性验证

简要阐述了飞机结构雷电防护验证试验的种类、主要试验参数和试验规范,并具体介绍了复合材料平尾、整体油箱口盖、复合材料翼梢小翼和复合材料方向舵等飞机典型结构件的雷电防护试验方案设计     

The Potential of GOCE in Constraining the Structure of the Crust and Lithosphere from Post-Glacial Rebound

Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) due to Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation has left clear imprints in the present-day geoid. The solid-earth models that are commonly used in simulating these geoid anomalies usually have the upper layer (crust/lithosphere) elastic. While this is a good approximation for oceanic lithosphere, it is over-simplified for many continental crustal areas, of which some are submerged at continental margins. At many places, these continental areas have a lower crustal zone that has low viscosities. Also at the top of the mantle (asthenosphere) such zones with low viscosities can exist. Modeling results show that, due to their shallowness and due to the laterally non-homogeneous water load, these low-viscosity layers induce discernible signatures in the high-harmonic steady-state components of the geoid. These patchlike patterns have typical length scales ranging from about 100 – 1000 km, and typical magnitudes of 1 cm – 1 m, depending on, a.o., depth and width of the low-viscosity zone, viscosity and shoreline geometry. Complications in correlating GIA modeling results with observed geoid anomalies might arise from uncertainties in isostatic corrections (topography and non-uniform composition of crust and lithosphere) and from other non-GIA related contributions to the observered anomalies. The characteristic forms of the patterns might assist in separating the various contributions to the observed geoid anomalies. This can be illustrated for the Adriatic coast of Italy, where the best fit to the spatial sea-level curve pattern is provided by a combination of GIA and regional plate tectonics. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.