A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

双模块下颌式内转进气道/圆锥前体一体化布局研究

为实现三维内转进气道的内收缩流场与圆锥前体的外压缩流场的良好匹配，提出了一种双模块下颌式内转进气道/圆锥前体(Double-modules Chin Inward-turning Inlet and Conical Forebody，DCII/CF)一体化设计方法，获得一种新颖的双发并置、侧向安装的DCII/CF一体化布局。针对该布局形式，开展了DCII/CF一体化构型与传统的单模块内转进气道/圆锥前体(Single-module Inward-turning Inlet and Conical Forebody，SII/CF)一体化构型的数值对比研究。结果表明：DCII/CF一体化布局不仅为内转进气道提供了优秀的前体附面层排移效果，还有效避免了传统SII/CF布局中前体附面层与进气道内部流场之间的相互干扰。在Ma∞=6.0设计状态，DCII/CF一体化布局的进气道总压恢复系数相较传统的SII/CF布局有了显著提高，从0.403提高至0.482；但由于前体附面层的排移，该布局的捕获流量略有降低， SII/CF的流量系数为0.956，该布局则为0.917。而在非设计状态，该布局形式同样具备较好的总压恢复性能，在Ma∞=5.0与Ma∞=4.0的总压恢复系数分别达到了0.586和0.682，明显高于SII/CF的总压恢复系数0.507和0.619。     

An innovative approach for integrated airline network and aircraft family optimization

The determination of optimal aerial transport networks and their associated flight frequencies is crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, as well as for carrying out market research, to establish target markets, and for aircraft and crew rostering. In addition, optimum airplane types for the selected networks are crucial to improve revenue and to provide reduced operating costs. The present study proposes an innovative approach to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the determination of the optimum fleet for that network, composed of three types of airplanes (network and vehicle integrated design). The network profit is maximized. The passenger’s demands between the airports are determined via a gravitational model. An embedded linear programming solution is responsible for obtaining potential optimal network configurations. The optimum fleet combination is determined from a database of candidate aircraft designs via genetic algorithm. A truly realistic airplane representation is made possible thanks to accurate surrogate models for engine and aerodynamics is adopted. An accurate engine deck encompassing a compression map and an innovative engine weight calculation besides an aerodynamical artificial neural network module enable a high degree of accuracy for the mission analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to obtain the optimum network comprised of twenty main Brazilian airports and corresponding fleet.     

进气道喘振诱发因素及其可靠性分析

针对飞机进气道的典型故障-喘振的诱发因素进行全方位的分析论证，并为从事航空工程的人员提供一种对动力装置整体性能进行可靠性评估方案，篇末对世界上比较先进的进气道气动设计思想及其喘振机理进行分析，可以为飞机设计师在设计飞机过程中具体分析问题提供一定的参考。     

空袭目标威胁评估模型研究

以航路捷径、目标类型、机动特性、到达发射区近界的剩余时间，以及电子干扰为主要影响因素，结合多通道防空武器系统的特点，建立了基于层次分析法和模糊综合决策法的空袭目标威胁评估模型。用层次分析法确定各因素权重，以分段函数的形式给出权重系数。针对一给定的中程防空武器系统，用模糊统计计算各影响因素的隶属函数，并给出了模型的计算流程。仿真结果表明，所设计的模型能较准确地评估来袭目标的危险性，且具有较高的灵敏度。     

毫米波导引头的技术特点

论述了空空导弹毫米波导引头的主要技术特点及其在工程应用中存在的若干问题。着重讨论了空空导弹毫米波导引头较红外和微波导引头在分辨力、反隐身和抗干扰方面的技术优势，并就毫米波导引头在探测与跟踪、大功率器件研制和毫米波器件的精密加工等关键技术问题进行了分析。     

用预测法量化防空导弹武器系统效能的研究

针对当前分析人员难于求解防空导弹武器系统总体效能值，提出了一套量化系统效能中的系统能力向量Ｃ的方法。对该方法作了详细的论述，并用该方法量度了一些防空导弹武器系统的总体系统效能。分析得到的结果是令人满意的，从而进一步解决了如何通过较理想的效能模型，全面地预测防空导弹武器系统在给定条件下完成规定任务的能力问题。     

圆波导圆柱轴＋平面叶片终端不连续性的计算

分析了圆波导中“圆柱轴＋平面扇形金属叶片终端”的不连续性，根据电磁场互易定理和物理光学法（ＰＯ）计算了这种终端对波导模的反射系数。这个问题的研究可用来解决喷气式发动机进气道对电磁波的反射，进一步地利用本文的结果可计算进气道的雷达截面（ＲＣＳ）或极化散射矩阵。     

超燃冲压发动机研究综述

超燃冲压发动机技术是一项新型的、具有广阔发展前景的推进技术。本文对国内外超燃冲压发动机最新研制情况进行了综述，重点论述了该类发动机关键技术研究情况，并对关键技术研究及思路提出了几点建议。     

防空导弹武器系统可靠性设计要求

为满足现代防空导弹武器系统全寿命周期的高可靠性，从工程应用角度讨论了防空导弹武器系统可靠性设计要求，具体涉及到总体设计、元器件使用、降额设计、容错设计冗余设计、热设计、简化电路设计、提高接点可靠性设计、机械结构可靠性设计和完全性设计等诸方面问题。