A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

An innovative approach for integrated airline network and aircraft family optimization

The determination of optimal aerial transport networks and their associated flight frequencies is crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, as well as for carrying out market research, to establish target markets, and for aircraft and crew rostering. In addition, optimum airplane types for the selected networks are crucial to improve revenue and to provide reduced operating costs. The present study proposes an innovative approach to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the determination of the optimum fleet for that network, composed of three types of airplanes (network and vehicle integrated design). The network profit is maximized. The passenger’s demands between the airports are determined via a gravitational model. An embedded linear programming solution is responsible for obtaining potential optimal network configurations. The optimum fleet combination is determined from a database of candidate aircraft designs via genetic algorithm. A truly realistic airplane representation is made possible thanks to accurate surrogate models for engine and aerodynamics is adopted. An accurate engine deck encompassing a compression map and an innovative engine weight calculation besides an aerodynamical artificial neural network module enable a high degree of accuracy for the mission analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to obtain the optimum network comprised of twenty main Brazilian airports and corresponding fleet.     

空袭目标威胁评估模型研究

以航路捷径、目标类型、机动特性、到达发射区近界的剩余时间，以及电子干扰为主要影响因素，结合多通道防空武器系统的特点，建立了基于层次分析法和模糊综合决策法的空袭目标威胁评估模型。用层次分析法确定各因素权重，以分段函数的形式给出权重系数。针对一给定的中程防空武器系统，用模糊统计计算各影响因素的隶属函数，并给出了模型的计算流程。仿真结果表明，所设计的模型能较准确地评估来袭目标的危险性，且具有较高的灵敏度。     

毫米波导引头的技术特点

论述了空空导弹毫米波导引头的主要技术特点及其在工程应用中存在的若干问题。着重讨论了空空导弹毫米波导引头较红外和微波导引头在分辨力、反隐身和抗干扰方面的技术优势，并就毫米波导引头在探测与跟踪、大功率器件研制和毫米波器件的精密加工等关键技术问题进行了分析。     

用预测法量化防空导弹武器系统效能的研究

针对当前分析人员难于求解防空导弹武器系统总体效能值，提出了一套量化系统效能中的系统能力向量Ｃ的方法。对该方法作了详细的论述，并用该方法量度了一些防空导弹武器系统的总体系统效能。分析得到的结果是令人满意的，从而进一步解决了如何通过较理想的效能模型，全面地预测防空导弹武器系统在给定条件下完成规定任务的能力问题。     

防空导弹武器系统可靠性设计要求

为满足现代防空导弹武器系统全寿命周期的高可靠性，从工程应用角度讨论了防空导弹武器系统可靠性设计要求，具体涉及到总体设计、元器件使用、降额设计、容错设计冗余设计、热设计、简化电路设计、提高接点可靠性设计、机械结构可靠性设计和完全性设计等诸方面问题。     

固体推进剂点火的表面沉积模型

本文根据固体推进剂采用含有凝结物质的流动热气体进行点火的特点,提出了一个点火过程的机理,即认为在点燃之前凝结物质的热粒子首先沉积在推进剂的表面上形成一层沉积层,并根据传热理论建立了固体推进剂采用含有凝结物质的流动热气体点火的模型,求得了固体推进剂内部的温度分布和表面温度随时间的变化,以及计算点火延迟时间的解析解,再根据对流换热系数与压力的关系计算出点火延迟时间与压力的关系,将理论计算的点火延迟时间和压力的关系与实验结果比较表明理论模型是合理的。为了验证本文所提出的点火过程的沉积机理,设计了一个实验,实验结果表明在点燃之前推进剂表面确实存在一个沉积层,因而合理的理论模型应该包括这个沉积过程。     

翼柱型装药发动机点火升压过程计算

利用实验获得的翼槽内火焰传播规律经验公式,在Ｐ（ｔ）模型的基础上,建立了翼柱型发动机的点火升压计算模型。计算结果与实测数据吻合较好。同时就点火器流量、推进剂燃速、喷管堵盖打开压强等设计参数对发动机点火升压过程的影响进行了分析。     

某型导弹尾喷流形状的数值模拟

从三维薄层近似N—S方程出发，采用EN0差分格式，对某型导弹层流场进行了数值模拟。计算模拟了飞行马赫数Mα0．8—1．6，海拔高度H＝2km—15km，燃烧室总压为20MPa和40MPa条件下导弹的层流场。计算结果表明与飞行速度相比，海拔高度和燃烧室总压对层流宽度有显著影响。通过对流场结构的分析与测量，建立了层流宽度与上述参数的拟合公式，为工程估算这一类型导弹层流影响边界提供参考。     

凝聚式过滤器的开发与设计

着重介绍了凝聚式过滤器的开发、设计及与空气压缩机厂原有产品在性能上是有区别的。新的凝聚式过滤器实现了对压缩空气进行切向进气，用丝网除沫器和精滤芯等代替原有的陶瓷管堆积过滤和毛毡缠绕过滤法。在过滤精度，气流均匀性阻力特性等性能上有一定优势，且成本低、数命长，经济实用。