厄尔尼诺──世界气候的“无情杀手”

厄尔尼诺世界气候的「无情杀手」李振国据世界气象组织１９９７年８月在日内瓦发布的新闻公报中指出，“厄尔尼诺”现象目前已成为造成全球气候异常的３个主要因素中超过温室气体排放和森林毁坏的头等“罪魁祸首”。“厄尔尼诺”是西班牙语“圣婴”一词的音译。“厄尔尼诺...     

RENAISSANCE：一种提供低成本地面数据系统的革命性方法

随着开发时间和预算的缩减，ＮＡＳＡ正将其焦点从大型航天任务转移到数量更多的小型任务上。ＮＡＳＡ对低成本和小任务的重视，以及很多用户想通过他们采用新技术的设备来操纵航天器的事实，成为实现低成本地面数据系统的革命性Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ方法的主要推动力。Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ是一种“任务操作和数据系统局”（ＭＯ＆ＤＳＤ）的系统工程法，其目的是增强系统性能、减少成本和开发时间、满足用户独特的需求。用户尽     

Recurrent isolation of hydrogen peroxide-resistant spores of Bacillus pumilus from a spacecraft assembly facility

While the microbial diversity of a spacecraft assembly facility at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA) was being monitored, H2O2-resistant bacterial strains were repeatedly isolated from various surface locations. H2O2 is a possible sterilant for spacecraft hardware because it is a low-temperature process and compatible with various modern-day spacecraft materials, electronics, and components. Both conventional biochemical testing and molecular analyses identified these strains as Bacillus pumilus. This Bacillus species was found in both unclassified (entrance floors, anteroom, and air-lock) and classified (floors, cabinet tops, and air) locations. Both vegetative cells and spores of several B. pumilus isolates were exposed to 5% liquid H2O2 for 60 min. Spores of each strain exhibited higher resistance than their respective vegetative cells to liquid H2O2. Results indicate that the H2O2 resistance observed in both vegetative cells and spores is strain-specific, as certain B. pumilus strains were two to three times more resistant than a standard Bacillus subtilis dosimetry strain. An example of this trend was observed when the type strain of B. pumilus, ATCC 7061, proved sensitive, whereas several environmental strains exhibited varying degrees of resistance, to H2O2. Repeated isolation of H2O2-resistant strains of B. pumilus in a clean-room is a concern because their persistence might potentially compromise life-detection missions, which have very strict cleanliness and sterility requirements for spacecraft hardware.     

捷联惯性导航系统的等效非线性误差模型

当捷联惯性导航系统（ＳＤＩＮＳ）出现大的误差时,其常规线性误差模型就不能有效地表现导航误差传播的非线性特性。为了说明捷联惯性导航系统的大状态误差,这里介绍一种旋转矢量误差,同时引入旋转矢量误差与四元数误差之间的相互关系。利用这种关系,捷联惯性导航系统的非线性误差模型就可以相应地用旋转矢量误差和四元数误差加以说明。很明显,这里所阐述的捷联惯性导航系统的非线性误差模型之间彼此互相等效。此外同时表明,当     

碳/碳复合材料

引言近年来,欧洲动力公司(S.E.P.)对固体发动机喷管部件所用的碳材料,特别是碳/碳材料进行了研制。喷管材料具有耐烧蚀的特性,要经受3000℃以上的高温。由于喷管性能要求非常高,材料必须具有良好的耐烧蚀性能和较低的比重。考虑到在大多数喷管里,化学反应发生在还原介质中,我们认为所能使用的耐热材料中,碳是最可取的。在此文中,我们不评述构成喷管部件的碳结构材料,只简要地论述多晶石墨、热解石墨、碳增强酚醛复合材料和碳/碳材料,侧重介绍后两种,这是欧洲动力公司重点研制项目。     

一种带PI总线母板通信的SEM—E模块式航空电子计算机

本文着重叙述以MIL-STD-1750A为基础的任务处理机系统结构。它最早由得克萨斯仪表公司(TI)于1989年3月生产;采用模块间通信用的双重VHSIC第2阶段TM总线和双重VHSIC第2阶段PI总线。任务处理机包括在空气冷却机箱内的18个表面安装SEM-E模块和带18层G10母板的5个高密度电源。系统级接口包括一个模块间通信用的双重PI总线;一个模块间操作测试和维修用的双重TM总线;一个连接外部软件开发平台的IEEE-488接口;两个差分式小型计算机系统接口(SCSI)总线;三个双余度MIL-STD-1553B串行通信总线,和若干离散的数字与模拟I/O接口。 本文介绍了每个基本PI总线消息的所定义的周期序列与系统中这些消息类型的观测周期结构的对比。考察了链接PI总线消息序列的影响。最后介绍了在各种条件下PI总线数据传输量对模块性能的影响。