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As ESA and the EU seek to formalise and regulate their new, closer relationship, a major research project being carried out at the University of Cologne aims to analyse the pros and cons of the various possible models of cooperation. This report describes the aims and methods of the project. One task it has set itself is to propose solutions to the legal problems that will inevitably arise when two organisations with differing constitutions and memberships get together. 相似文献
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Space exploration is an emblematic domain of space activities where traditionally only established space powers have been active. However, new actors are demonstrating great interest in it, principally for international prestige reasons, with an increasing number making ambitious plans. Complementing national endeavours, international cooperation has become a central element of most countries' exploration strategy, since the costs of doing it alone are so great. Europe's development into a fully fledged actor in space exploration requires a shared assessment of the future challenges, threats and opportunities with which it will be confronted in order to derive the best options for cooperation to lead and anticipate rather than follow and endure change. 相似文献
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We discuss the possibility that CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites are fragments of extinct cometary nuclei. Theoretical and
observational work suggests that comets evolve into asteroids, and several extinct cometary nuclei are now suspected to be
among the near Earth object population. This population is the most likely source of meteorites and consequently, we may expect
that some meteorites are from extinct comets in this population. The mineralogy and chemistry of CI and CM chondrites is consistent
with the view that they originate from asteroidal objects of carbonaceous spectral classes, and these objects in turn may
have a cometary origin. We do not suggest that CI or CM chondrites are directly delivered by active comets during perihelion
passage or that these chondrites come from cometary debris in meteor streams. Instead, we summarize arguments suggesting that
CI and CM chondrites represent fragments of cometary nuclei which evolved into near Earth asteroids after losing their volatiles.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Katharina Lodders 《Space Science Reviews》2000,92(1-2):341-354
The oxygen isotope systematics in planetary and nebular matter are used to constrain the types of nebular material accreted
to form a planet. The basic assumption of this model is that the mean oxygen isotopic composition of a planet is determined
by the weighted mean oxygen isotopic composition of nebular matter accreted by the planet. Chondrites are taken as representatives
of nebular matter. The chemical composition (which determines core size, mantle oxidation state, density, moment of inertia)
of a planet results from the weighted mean compositions of the accreted nebular material, once the mass fractions of the different
types of accreting matter are known. Here some results for Earth, Moon, Mars, and Vesta are discussed. The model implies that
loss of volatile elements, such as alkalis and halogens, occurs during accretion and early planetary differentiation (e. g., by catastrophic impacts). The possible depletion mechanisms of moderately volatile elements are discussed.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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