Mapping mean lake surface from satellite altimetry and GPS kinematic surveys

Lake water height is a key variable in water cycle and climate change studies, which is achievable using satellite altimetry constellation. A method based on data processing of altimetry from several satellites has been developed to interpolate mean lake surface (MLS) over a set of 22 big lakes distributed on the Earth. It has been applied on nadir radar altimeters in Low Resolution Mode (LRM: Jason-3, Saral/AltiKa, CryoSat-2) in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode (Sentinel-3A), and in SAR interferometric (SARin) mode (CryoSat-2), and on laser altimetry (ICESat). Validation of the method has been performed using a set of kinematic GPS height profiles from 18 field campaigns over the lake Issykkul, by comparison of altimetry’s height at crossover points for the other lakes and using the laser altimetry on ICESat-2 mission. The precision reached ranges from 3 to 7 cm RMS (Root Mean Square) depending on the lakes. Currently, lake water level inferred from satellite altimetry is provided with respect to an ellipsoid. Ellipsoidal heights are converted into orthométric heights using geoid models interpolated along the satellite tracks. These global geoid models were inferred from geodetic satellite missions coupled with absolute and regional anomaly gravity data sets spread over the Earth. However, the spatial resolution of the current geoid models does not allow capturing short wavelength undulations that may reach decimeters in mountaineering regions or for rift lakes (Baikal, Issykkul, Malawi, Tanganika). We interpolate in this work the geoid height anomalies with three recent geoid models, the EGM2008, XGM2016 and EIGEN-6C4d, and compare them with the Mean Surface of 22 lakes calculated using satellite altimetry. Assuming that MLS mimics the local undulations of the geoid, our study shows that over a large set of lakes (in East Africa, Andean mountain and Central Asia), short wavelength undulations of the geoid in poorly sampled areas can be derived using satellite altimetry. The models used in this study present very similar geographical patterns when compared to MLS. The precision of the models largely depends on the location of the lakes and is about 18 cm, in average over the Earth. MLS can serve as a validation dataset for any future geoid model. It will also be useful for validation of the future mission SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) which will measure and map water heights over the lakes with a high horizontal resolution of 250 by 250 m.     

奥米伽导航的动态模拟及其应用

为进行奥米伽导航系统地面仿真试飞实验，设计了奥米伽导航系统的信号模拟器，它可模拟静态和动态的奥米伽信号，介绍了其工作原理及组成；分析了模拟器误差；给出了实测误差。最后进行了仿真试飞实验，并经空中试飞验证了该仿真方案。     

Soho Observations of Density Fluctuations in Coronal Holes

In recent UVCS/SOHO White Light Channel (WLC) observations we found quasi-periodic variations in the polarized brightness (pB) in the polar coronal holes at heliocentric distances of 1.9 to 2.45 solar radii. The motivation for the observation is the 2.5D MHD model of solar wind acceleration by nonlinear waves, that predicts compressive fluctuations in coronal holes. In February 1998 we performed new observations using the UVCS/WLC in the coronal hole and obtained additional data. The new data corroborate our earlier findings with higher statistical significance. The new longer observations show that the power spectrum peaks in the 10–12 minute range. These timescales agree with EIT observations of brightness fluctuations in polar plumes. We performed preliminary LASCO/C2 observations in an effort to further establish the coronal origin of the fluctuations. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Cassini Cosmic Dust Analyzer

The Cassini-Huygens Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) is intended to provide direct observations of dust grains with masses between 10⁻¹⁹ and 10⁻⁹ kg in interplanetary space and in the jovian and saturnian systems, to investigate their physical, chemical and dynamical properties as functions of the distances to the Sun, to Jupiter and to Saturn and its satellites and rings, to study their interaction with the saturnian rings, satellites and magnetosphere. Chemical composition of interplanetary meteoroids will be compared with asteroidal and cometary dust, as well as with Saturn dust, ejecta from rings and satellites. Ring and satellites phenomena which might be effects of meteoroid impacts will be compared with the interplanetary dust environment. Electrical charges of particulate matter in the magnetosphere and its consequences will be studied, e.g. the effects of the ambient plasma and the magnetic field on the trajectories of dust particles as well as fragmentation of particles due to electrostatic disruption.The investigation will be performed with an instrument that measures the mass, composition, electric charge, speed, and flight direction of individual dust particles. It is a highly reliable and versatile instrument with a mass sensitivity 10⁶ times higher than that of the Pioneer 10 and 11 dust detectors which measured dust in the saturnian system. The Cosmic Dust Analyzer has significant inheritance from former space instrumentation developed for the VEGA, Giotto, Galileo, and Ulysses missions. It will reliably measure impacts from as low as 1 impact per month up to 10⁴ impacts per second. The instrument weighs 17 kg and consumes 12 W, the integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometer has a mass resolution of up to 50. The nominal data transmission rate is 524 bits/s and varies between 50 and 4192 bps.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

基于云模型的全局最优化算法

基于云模型在定性概念与其定量数值表示之间转换过程中的优良特性,结合遗传算法的基本思想,提出一种自适应高精度快速随机搜索算法,并将之运用到函数寻优中.在定性知识的指导下该算法能够自适应控制搜索空间的范围,较好地避免了传统遗传算法易陷入局部最优解和选择压力过大造成的早熟收敛等问题.算法易于实现,不存在遗传算法中的编码问题.试验结果表明该算法具有精度高、收敛速度快等优点.在众多优化问题上有广泛的应用前景.      

TC-2型液压三轴飞行模拟转台伺服系统

飞行模拟转台(亦称动态角运动模拟器)是飞机和导弹飞行控制系统地面飞行仿真试验的关键设备之一。本文叙述了TC-2型液压三轴飞行模拟转台修改设计的指导思想和性能要求,介绍了转台伺服系统以及系统调试结果。最后,还介绍了该设备在飞行器控制系统地面物理仿真过程中实际使用的情况。     

电液伺服泵的分数阶无抖振滑模控制

电液伺服泵（IEHSP）由于在结构上实现了伺服电机和液压泵共转子、共壳体高度融合,在体积、噪声和效率等方面具有明显优势,具有很好的应用前景。为了提高电液伺服泵的调速性能与抗扰能力,设计了一种新型分数阶滑模控制器（NFOSMC）。首先,由于分数阶微积分理论的引入,控制器为系统提供了更多的控制余度。然后,针对传统滑模控制中存在的抖振问题,通过设计使控制器中直接包含有切换项的分数阶积分项,利用其滤波特性可以有效滤除抖振,实现无抖振滑模控制。同时利用Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了控制器可以保证系统在存在内扰与外扰时能够在有限时间内收敛于平衡点,另外控制器中避免了含有高阶分数阶微分项,扩大了分数阶阶数的取值范围。为了进一步提高抗扰能力,设计了分数阶扰动观测器（FODOB）,对系统内扰和外扰实时观测并补偿,有效提高了控制器的响应速度和刚度。最后,分别与PI控制、整数阶滑模控制器（IOSMC）和传统分数阶滑模控制器（CFOSMC）进行了仿真分析比较,结果表明该控制器能够有效改善速度跟踪性能和增强抗扰能力,消抖效果显著。      

Study of radiation conditions onboard the International space station by means of the Liulin-5 dosimeter

For estimating radiation risk in space flights it is necessary to determine radiation dose obtained by critical organs of a human body. For this purpose the experiments with human body models are carried out onboard spacecraft. These models represent phantoms equipped with passive and active radiation detectors which measure dose distributions at places of location of critical organs. The dosimetric Liulin-5 telescope is manufactured with using three silicon detectors for studying radiation conditions in the spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS). The purpose of the experiment with Liulin-5 instrument is to study dynamics of the dose rate and particle flux in the phantom, as well as variations of radiation conditions on the ISS over long time intervals depending on a phase of the solar activity cycle, orbital parameters, and presence of solar energetic particles. The Liulin-5 dosimeter measures simultaneously the dose rate and fluxes of charged particles at three depths in the radial channel of the phantom, as well as the linear energy transfer. The paper presents the results of measurements of dose rate and particle fluxes caused by various radiation field components on the ISS during the period from June 2007 till December 2009.     

Airglow atmospheric imager on board the ‘IK-Bulgaria-1300’ satellite

This paper shows the possibilities of the optical scanning imager for investigation of the structure of the auroral, SAR and tropical arcs and in this way to study the particle precipitation, neutral winds across the magnetic equator, drifts, electric fields and the current systems in the ionosphere.     

STEREO Ground Segment, Science Operations, and Data Archive

Vitally important to the success of any mission is the ground support system used for commanding the spacecraft, receiving the telemetry, and processing the results. We describe the ground system used for the STEREO mission, consisting of the Mission Operations Center, the individual Payload Operations Centers for each instrument, and the STEREO Science Center, together with mission support from the Flight Dynamics Facility, Deep Space Mission System, and the Space Environment Center. The mission planning process is described, as is the data flow from spacecraft telemetry to processed science data to long-term archive. We describe the online resources that researchers will be able to use to access STEREO planning resources, science data, and analysis software. The STEREO Joint Observations Program system is described, with instructions on how observers can participate. Finally, we describe the near-real-time processing of the “space weather beacon” telemetry, which is a low telemetry rate quicklook product available close to 24 hours a day, with the intended use of space weather forecasting.