Mapping mean lake surface from satellite altimetry and GPS kinematic surveys

Lake water height is a key variable in water cycle and climate change studies, which is achievable using satellite altimetry constellation. A method based on data processing of altimetry from several satellites has been developed to interpolate mean lake surface (MLS) over a set of 22 big lakes distributed on the Earth. It has been applied on nadir radar altimeters in Low Resolution Mode (LRM: Jason-3, Saral/AltiKa, CryoSat-2) in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode (Sentinel-3A), and in SAR interferometric (SARin) mode (CryoSat-2), and on laser altimetry (ICESat). Validation of the method has been performed using a set of kinematic GPS height profiles from 18 field campaigns over the lake Issykkul, by comparison of altimetry’s height at crossover points for the other lakes and using the laser altimetry on ICESat-2 mission. The precision reached ranges from 3 to 7 cm RMS (Root Mean Square) depending on the lakes. Currently, lake water level inferred from satellite altimetry is provided with respect to an ellipsoid. Ellipsoidal heights are converted into orthométric heights using geoid models interpolated along the satellite tracks. These global geoid models were inferred from geodetic satellite missions coupled with absolute and regional anomaly gravity data sets spread over the Earth. However, the spatial resolution of the current geoid models does not allow capturing short wavelength undulations that may reach decimeters in mountaineering regions or for rift lakes (Baikal, Issykkul, Malawi, Tanganika). We interpolate in this work the geoid height anomalies with three recent geoid models, the EGM2008, XGM2016 and EIGEN-6C4d, and compare them with the Mean Surface of 22 lakes calculated using satellite altimetry. Assuming that MLS mimics the local undulations of the geoid, our study shows that over a large set of lakes (in East Africa, Andean mountain and Central Asia), short wavelength undulations of the geoid in poorly sampled areas can be derived using satellite altimetry. The models used in this study present very similar geographical patterns when compared to MLS. The precision of the models largely depends on the location of the lakes and is about 18 cm, in average over the Earth. MLS can serve as a validation dataset for any future geoid model. It will also be useful for validation of the future mission SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) which will measure and map water heights over the lakes with a high horizontal resolution of 250 by 250 m.     

Summary of CNCOSPAR Activities 2002-2004

1 In Brief In this report, we summarize the major activities of CNCOSPAR from the year 2002to 2004. During this period, many things happened such as Beijing won the 2006COSPAR scientific assembly, the first Chinese Committee of COSPAR handed over its responsibility to the second committee, etc. During this period, the space science activities developed also very fast. China has sent its first scientific satellite, the first satellite TC-1 of the Double Star Program, into space. China also has a major break through in the manned space flight by a very successful mission of Shenzhou manned space flight. On board of this spacecraft, is the first Chinese astronaut Mr. Liwei Yang. This made China the third country in the world who has the ability that the launch manned space missions independently.     

Optimisation non-linéaire de l'ensemble attitude-gain de vitesse d'un véhicule spatial monotuyere

In the standard control design of powered spacecraft, guidance and attitude control are two independent problems which are attacked separately. As an example of joint guidance and attitude control synthesis, this communication presents the solution to the planar, minimum-time, optimal control problem of a powered spacecraft. The control is determined by a numerical technique based upon the maximum principle. The results provide a display of the various possible maneuver shapes and then provide a guide for a practical definition of closed-loop control laws.     

关于多目标气动优化设计中伴随方法与对策理论的耦合研究(英文)

本文研究了多目标气动优化设计中伴随方法和对策理论的耦合问题,给出了伴随方法在每个对策策略中的具体应用和数值方法。在合作对策中伴随方法被并行地执行以共同得到Pareto阵面上的最优解;相反在Nash对策中伴随方法在Nash策略的最后被耦合起来以互相竞争的形式得到各自目标的最优解;而在Stackel-berg对策中伴随方法被分层耦合进"领头人"和"跟随者"的策略中以求解他们相互依赖的平衡解。文末的优化算例表明了本文耦合算法及其数值过程在求解多目标气动优化设计问题中的有效性。     

光纤惯性测量组件的误差标定改进算法及实现

对光纤惯性测量单元的误差标定方法进行了研究,提出了一种十二位置标定算法。分析了算法的基本原理,介绍了标定的流程。与传统的标定方法相比,新方法在不降低标定精度的前提下无需对北向进行定位,而且仅需单轴转台。在该算法的基础上利用LabVIEW软件构建了一套IMU误差智能测试平台,实现了对惯性元件安装误差、标度因数误差、零偏以及陀螺标度因数非线性度的自动标定,避免了手动标定时繁琐的操作,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

出流结构对涡轮叶栅端壁气膜冷却效率数值研究

通过对涡轮叶栅端壁上游不同气膜冷却结构模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同吹风比情况下,涡轮叶栅端壁的流动与换热特性.结果表明:圆柱形孔冷气射流在孔下游与主流相互作用形成一对转动方向相反的耦合涡,对涡轮叶栅端壁的气膜冷却效果不利.前向扩张孔降低了孔下游耦合涡的强度,对涡轮叶栅端壁总体气膜冷却效率要优于圆柱形孔.前向扩张缝结构增大了射流宽度,冷却了孔间端壁,对涡轮叶栅端壁总体气膜冷却效率要优于圆柱形孔和前向扩张孔.      

航空发动机表面发射率测量技术研究

测试发动机放热率的核心技术是在运行过程中获得发动机的表面发射率。介绍了航空发动机表面发射率的测量技术,阐述了应用前置反射器辐射温度计和动态红外数字成像仪测量固体表面发射率的原理和方法,提出了航空发动机表面发射率测量中应注意的事项,对几种发动机常用的材料分别采用上述2种方法进行了测量,试验结果表明了2种测量方法的可行性。     

基于静态删减算法的神经网络在软件可靠性预测中的应用

与传统的基于人工神经网络的软件可靠性预测模型结构普遍由预先经验或者通过不断尝试的方法确定不同,在分析一般的软件可靠性模型的基础上,提出将一种基于静态删减算法的神经网络模型应用到软件可靠性预测中。通过利用2组经典的软件失效数据进行仿真,并与传统的神经网络可靠性预测模型对比分析,研究了神经网络拓扑结构和预测精度的关系,结果表明,基于静态删减算法的运用能够提高神经网络模型对软件可靠性的预测精度。     

热敏液晶测温标定及误差分析

对SPN／R30C20W型热敏液晶的特性进行了实验研究。实验以相机视角、光源强度、液晶厚度等参数作为对象,讨论了3种参数对液晶测温结果的影响。分析结果表明：在视角小于15°时,相机视角对液晶测温的影响可以忽略;光强不同导致由标定曲线计算出的最大温差达到5．5℃;液晶厚度对标定数据有较大的影响。该实验结论在液晶测温领域广泛应用。