Imaging of reconnection processes in hard X-rays

The Hard X-ray Spectrometer aboard the SMM detected several events of energy release late in the development of two-ribbon flares. One such event, at 21:12 UT on 21 May, 1980 (～ 20 min after the flare onset and 15 min after the peak of the impulsive phase) is studied in detail. The site of new brightening first became visible in hard X-rays (> 22 keV) and only afterwards showed up at lower energies. It was clearly located high in the corona so that one can identify it with energy release at the tops of newly formed post-flare loops. Thus, if the Kopp and Pneuman model of the loop formation is adopted, we may have imaged here a reconnection process in the solar corona. An attempt is made to estimate physical parameters at the reconnection site.     

Meteor Phenomena and Bodies

Meteoroids can be observed at collision with the Earth's atmosphere as meteors. Different methods of observing meteors are presented: besides the traditional counts of individual events, exact methods yield also data on the geometry of the atmospheric trajectory; on the dynamics and ablation of the body in the atmosphere; on radiation; on the spectral distribution of radiation; on ionization; on accompanying sounds; and also data on orbits. Theoretical models of meteoroid interaction with the atmosphere are given and applied to observational data. Attention is paid to radar observations; to spectroscopic observations; to experiments with artificial meteors and to different types of meteor sounds. The proposed composition and structure of meteoroids as well as their orbits link them to meteorites, asteroids and comets. Meteor streams can be observed as meteor showers and storms. The rate of influx of meteoroids of different sizes onto Earth is presented and potential hazards discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optical search for gamma-ray bursts

The preliminary results from optical search for light pulses associated with gamma ray bursts by means of the Czechoslovak Fireball Network plate collection at the Ondřejov observatory are given. Optical monitoring represents more than 7700 hours, but no real optical counterpart was found. Problems associated with the optical search for gamma ray bursts are discussed.     

Post-flare thermal waves in the solar corona

While imaging giant post-flare arches in the solar corona, the Hard X-Ray Spectrometer aboard the SMM detected thermal disturbances propagating through the corona after two-ribbon flares. The speed of propagation is close to, or below, 10 km s^?1, and no obvious time-variation of the speed is indicated in the HXIS data. For subsequent two-ribbon flares in the same active region, these thermal disturbances (waves) exhibit highly homologous properties; thus the waves appear to propagate through preexisting arches formed after earlier flares. Temperatures of > 20 × 10⁶ K have been detected in these moving phenomena. We suggest that we see here in X-rays upper products of the consecutive reconnections which create the post-flare loops below. Temperature maps in fine field of view of HXIS offer now a new possibility to detect postflare arches in the corona built during two-ribbon flares.