超新星与宇宙年龄

超新星与宇宙年龄〔美〕Ｒ．柯施纳○云立中译超新星１９８７Ａ使我们测量宇宙距离的能力受到意料之外的、严格的检验。遥远的恒星和星系看来正远离地球而去，还在分担自宇宙大爆炸开始的宇宙膨胀。如果我们能够测量到一个正在缩小的星系的距离，那么把这个数据与这个星系...     

怎样写好学术论文

首先阐明学术论文的重要性和它的作用，接着主要阐明纲要拟制和反复修改是撰写论文的主要工作；介绍怎样拟制纲要；详细列出纲要所包含的内容及拟制中的要点。作者没有就论文的全文撰写作专门的阐述，只是在拟制纲要的阐述中点拔一二。最后作者提出可从三类参考文献中得到拟定论文的启发。     

运用进化算法优化中等PRF雷达的脉冲重复频率

本文运用进化算法选择最佳脉冲重复频率（PRF）组，在中PRF雷达的模型中使距离-多普勒盲区最小。介绍了8个和9个PRF的两个方案，该算法能确保得到的所有结果是完全可解码的并且没有盲速。我们考虑了旁瓣杂波的详细影响以及在以中等PRF模式运行的实际机载火控雷达中影响雷达PRF选择的多个技术因素。     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论

目前正在进行研制石墨材料,准备用于MX 第一级和第二级固体火箭喷管的入口部,喉部,后喉部,出口锥和可延伸出口锥。这些材料必须经受住新型洲际弹道导弹(ICBM)喷管系统的苛刻的结构、化学侵蚀,粒子冲刷和高温环境。该系统的燃烧室压力可达127公斤/厘米~2,火焰温度为3700°K 至3922°K。叙述了第一级和第二级全尺寸试验喷管的现状。还提出了在喷管设计、石墨材料研制以及预期性能改进方面进一步工作的方向。     

传导、对流和辐射传热对火箭发动机使用寿命的影响

在存放场地,固体发动机会由于各种瞬时热应力而产生累积性损伤。引起这些瞬时热应力的是环境温度、风、太阳辐照等与地理位置有关的所有一切因素的作用。业已表明,与最大损伤发生在大应力值的假设相反,推进剂的粘弹特性使其在低应力值下出现显著的损伤。因此,防护性贮存对发动机的使用寿命并不总是有利的。     

The Interplanetary Internet: a communications infrastructure for Mars exploration

A strategy is being developed whereby the current set of internationally standardized space data communications protocols can be incrementally evolved so that a first version of an operational "Interplanetary Internet" is feasible by the end of the decade. This paper describes its architectural concepts, discusses the current set of standard space data communications capabilities that exist to support Mars exploration and reviews proposed new developments. We also speculate that these current capabilities can grow to support future scenarios where human intelligence is widely distributed across the Solar System and day-to-day communications dialog between planets is routine.     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅱ 第一级喷管的先进材料

本文是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的三篇文章中的第二篇。第一篇文章于1977年4月在SAMPE季刊中发表(译文见“固体火箭技术”1978年第二期第99—105页),综述了MX导弹喷管对材料的要求,叙述了石墨材料的结构、性质和性能之间的关系。本文继续对MX的第一级和第二级发动机喷管所用先进材料进一步进行评价。     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

ESA's Biopan 1--"Vitamin" experiment preliminary results

The purpose of “Vitamin” experiment is to study the efficiency of protective substances on three biological acellular systems aqueous solutions exposed to cosmic radiation in space. The first system “LDL”is a low density lipoprotein. The second is “E2-TeBG complexe” in which estradiol (E2) is bound to its plasmatic carrier protein, testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG). The third is “pBR 322”, a plasmid. “Vitamin” experiment was accomodated in the Biopan which had been mounted on the outer surface of a Foton retrievable satellite. The experiment was exposed to space environment during 15 days. A stable temperature of about 20 °C was maintained throughout the flight. “Vitamin” experiment preliminary results are presented and discussed.