The impact of semi-convection and overshooting on the surface abundances in massive stars

We analyse the effects of semi-convection and overshooting on the predicted surface abundances after the first and second dredge-ups in 15 and 20 M Pop. I stars. Overshooting is applied either to the core boundary or to the boundaries of all convective zones. It is shown that the surface abundances are sensitive to the mixing scheme adopted in the interior. The models including semi-convection lead to lower¹²C/¹³C ratios than the other mixing schemes, while models with overshooting predict higher enhancements of sodium at the surface.     

Is amino-acid homochirality due to asymmetric photolysis in space?

It is well known that the amino acids occurring in proteins (natural amino acids) are, with rare exceptions, exclusively of the L-configuration. Among the many scenarios put forward to explain the origin of this chiral homogeneity (i.e., homochirality), one involves the asymmetric photolysis of amino acids present in space, triggered by circularly polarized UV radiation. The recent observation of circularly polarized light (CPL) in the Orion OMC-1 star-forming region has been presented as providing a strong, or even definitive, validation of this scenario. The present paper reviews the situation and shows that it is far more complicated than usually apprehended in the astronomical literature. It is stressed for example that one important condition for the asymmetric photolysis by CPL to be at the origin of the terrestrial homochirality of natural amino acids is generally overlooked, namely, the asymmetric photolysis should favour the L-enantiomer for all the primordial amino acids involved in the genesis of life (i.e., biogenic amino acids). Although this condition is probably satisfied for aliphatic amino acids, some non-aliphatic amino acids like tryptophan and proline may violate the condition and thus invalidate the asymmetric photolysis scenario, assuming they were among the primordial amino acids. Alternatively, if CPL photolysis in space is indeed the source of homochirality of amino acids, then tryptophan and proline may be crossed out from the list of biogenic amino acids. Laboratory experiments suggested in this paper could shed further light on the composition of the set of amino acids that were required for development of the homochirality of first life.