Surface characteristics of spacecraft components affect the aggregation of microorganisms and may lead to different survival rates of bacteria on Mars landers

Layers of dormant endospores of Bacillus subtilis HA101 were applied to eight different spacecraft materials and exposed to martian conditions of low pressure (8.5 mbar), low temperature (-10 degrees C), and high CO(2) gas composition and irradiated with a Mars-normal ultraviolet (UV-visible- near-infrared spectrum. Bacterial layers were exposed to either 1 min or 1 h of Mars-normal UV irradiation, which simulated clear-sky conditions on equatorial Mars (0.1 tau). When exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation, the numbers of viable endospores of B. subtilis were reduced three to four orders of magnitude for two brands of aluminum (Al), stainless steel, chemfilm-treated Al, clear-anodized Al, and black-anodized Al coupons. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only one to two orders of magnitude for endospores on the non-metal materials astroquartz and graphite composite when bacterial endospores were exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation. When bacterial monolayers were exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation, no viable bacteria were recovered from the six metal coupons listed above. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only two to three orders of magnitude for spore layers on astroquartz and graphite composite exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy images of the bacterial monolayers on all eight spacecraft materials revealed that endospores of B. subtilis formed large aggregates of multilayered spores on astroquartz and graphite composite, but not on the other six spacecraft materials. It is likely that the formation of multilayered aggregates of endospores on astroquartz and graphite composite is responsible for the enhanced survival of bacterial cells on these materials.     

用于脉冲多普勒雷达EMI检测和角度测量的杂波滤波和处理技术

脉冲多普勒雷达发射一组脉冲重复频率（ＰＲＦ）恒定且相位相参的射频脉冲，叫做相干驻留间隔或ＣＤＩ。由此产生的雷达回波脉冲在雷达接收机／处理机的多普勒滤波器组中被当作一个整体并进行相参积累，以便为在杂波环境中检测小目标提供必要的相参处理增益和速度鉴别能力，相对较长的ＣＤＩ和最小天线扫描速率约束常常使目标照射限制在每个波束驻留时间的几个ＣＤＩ上，由于每个ＣＤＩ回波的功率可能因ＣＤＩ之间射频频率分集（为减     

使用数字电视通道的多媒体信息广播

本文概述了数字电视通道内广播多媒体信息的一种新的系统结构。所提出的方案是建立在ＤＳＭ－ＣＣ（数字存贮媒体指令和控制）功能的基础上，并使用了一种最近拟定的，能有效传送多媒体信息的协议。上述的信息与在ＷＷＷ环境中使用的ＨＴＭＬ文件的特性相同，因此，它可以包含本文、图像声音，和按照超本文编制的动画。     

Microbial utilisation of natural organic wastes

The waste management strategy for the future should meet the benefits of humanity safety, respect principals of planet ecology, and compatibility with other habitability systems. For these purpose the waste management technologies, relevant to application of the biodegradation properties of bacteria are of great value. The biological treatment method is based upon the biodegradation of organic substances by various microorganisms. The advantage of the biodegradation waste management in general: it allows to diminish the volume of organic wastes, the biological hazard of the wastes is controlled, and this system may be compatible with the other systems. The objectives of our study were: to evaluate effectiveness of microbial biodegradation of non-pretreated substrate, to construct phneumoautomatic digester for organic wastes biodegradation, and to study microbial characteristics of active sludge samples used as inoculi in biodegradation experiment. The technology of vegetable wastes treatment was elaborated in IBMP and BMSTU. For this purpose the special unit was created where the degradation process is activated by enforced reinvention of portions of elaborated biogas into digester. This technology allows to save energy normally used for electromechanical agitation and to create optimal environment for anaerobic bacteria growth. The investigations were performed on waste simulator, which imitates physical and chemical content of food wastes calculated basing on the data on food wastes of moderate Russian city. The volume of created experimental sample of digester is 40 l. The basic system elements of device are digesters, gas receiver, remover of drops and valve monitoring and thermal control system. In our testing we used natural food wastes to measure basic parameters and time of biodegradation process. The diminution rate of organic gained 76% from initial mass taking part within 9 days of fermentation. The biogas production achieved 46 l per 1 kg of substrate. The microbial studies of biodegradation process revealed following peculiarities: (i) gradual quantitative increasing of Lactobacillus sp. (from 10(3) to 10(5) colony forming units (CFU) per ml), (ii) activation of Clostridia sp. (from 10(2) to 10(4)CFU/ml), (iii) elimination of aerobic conventional pathogens (Enterobacteriaceae sp., Protea sp., staphylococci). The obtained results allow to evaluate effectiveness of proposed technology and to determine the leading role of lactobacilli and clostridia in process of natural wastes biodegradation. Our further investigations shall further be concentrated on creation of artificial inoculi for launching of food wastes biodegradation. These inoculi will include active and adapted strains of clostridia and lactobacilli.     

包络检波GO—CFAR处理器的虚警分析

在存在杂波边界的情况下，最大选择恒虚警处理器（ＧＯ ＣＦＡＲ）是自动设置雷达检测门限的一种有用处理器。ＧＯ ＣＦＡＲ的输入通常是经包络检波的基带信号的同相（Ⅰ）和正交（Ｑ）信道。采用ｘ＝ａ ｍａｘ｛｜Ⅰ｜，｜Ｑ｜｝＋ｂ ｍｉｎ｛｜Ｉ｜，│Ｑ｜｝也可近似该包络检波，这只需要简单的硬件（ａ和ｂ为简单相乘系数）。本文就包络ＧＯ ＣＦＡＲ处理器和几种包络近似ＧＯ ＣＦＡＲ处理器的虚警概率（ＰＦＡ）性能进行     

航空航天用高温合金发展途径

本文对提高合金化、微合金化、单晶高温合金的热稳定性问题从热力学、动力学、金相学的角度提出了一些新观点,并对金属间化合物,机械化金化高温合金的研究和应用作了简要评估。     

对分析和设计空—时处理结构及算法的多通道机载雷达测量的评估

系统设计研究和详细的雷达模拟已经证实了空－时自适应处理（ＳＴＡＰ）在目标多普勒信号淹没在旁瓣杂波和干扰的情况下实现目标检测的效用。最近美国空军利用在ＳＴＡＰ方面的投资，借助罗马实验室的多通道机载雷达测量（ＭＣＡＲＭ）计划，建立了多通道雷达数据的数据库，以进一步开发适合于实战环境的ＳＴＡＰ结构和算法。一般来说，起初数据不能与模拟数据吻合的一个方面是实际杂波和干扰的非均匀特征。本文研究了非均匀数据对Ｓ     

用于CATV光纤／同轴混合网络的基于CDMA的通信框架的初始化协议

描述了用于光纤电缆混合（ＨＦＣ）公用天线电视（ＣＡＴＶ）网络通信系统的基于ＣＤＭＡ通信系统的初始化协议。ＨＦＣ ＣＡＴＶ网络是媒体共享的存取网络，它是利用在光链路终端和用户之间的同轴电缆总线原理实现媒体共享的。为了实现上行方向的存取，可以采用基于ＣＤＭＡ（码分多址）的多址存取方案（１，２，３），然而，在允许上行存取之前，要对连接在电缆总线上的每个电缆调制解调器进行初始化，在允许上行存取之前，要对连