Surface characteristics of spacecraft components affect the aggregation of microorganisms and may lead to different survival rates of bacteria on Mars landers

Layers of dormant endospores of Bacillus subtilis HA101 were applied to eight different spacecraft materials and exposed to martian conditions of low pressure (8.5 mbar), low temperature (-10 degrees C), and high CO(2) gas composition and irradiated with a Mars-normal ultraviolet (UV-visible- near-infrared spectrum. Bacterial layers were exposed to either 1 min or 1 h of Mars-normal UV irradiation, which simulated clear-sky conditions on equatorial Mars (0.1 tau). When exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation, the numbers of viable endospores of B. subtilis were reduced three to four orders of magnitude for two brands of aluminum (Al), stainless steel, chemfilm-treated Al, clear-anodized Al, and black-anodized Al coupons. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only one to two orders of magnitude for endospores on the non-metal materials astroquartz and graphite composite when bacterial endospores were exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation. When bacterial monolayers were exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation, no viable bacteria were recovered from the six metal coupons listed above. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only two to three orders of magnitude for spore layers on astroquartz and graphite composite exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy images of the bacterial monolayers on all eight spacecraft materials revealed that endospores of B. subtilis formed large aggregates of multilayered spores on astroquartz and graphite composite, but not on the other six spacecraft materials. It is likely that the formation of multilayered aggregates of endospores on astroquartz and graphite composite is responsible for the enhanced survival of bacterial cells on these materials.     

用于脉冲多普勒雷达EMI检测和角度测量的杂波滤波和处理技术

脉冲多普勒雷达发射一组脉冲重复频率（ＰＲＦ）恒定且相位相参的射频脉冲，叫做相干驻留间隔或ＣＤＩ。由此产生的雷达回波脉冲在雷达接收机／处理机的多普勒滤波器组中被当作一个整体并进行相参积累，以便为在杂波环境中检测小目标提供必要的相参处理增益和速度鉴别能力，相对较长的ＣＤＩ和最小天线扫描速率约束常常使目标照射限制在每个波束驻留时间的几个ＣＤＩ上，由于每个ＣＤＩ回波的功率可能因ＣＤＩ之间射频频率分集（为减     

机载U波段固态脉冲压缩雷达

已研制了一种测量雷达装在运动的机载平台上测量目标和杂波，其目的在于使地基雷达与机载雷达的动目标识别与分类的信号处理技术最佳化。     

基于CFD的两级气动直接力控制阀静态特性

通过对一种两级气动直接力控制阀进行结构参数设计和基于计算流体力学(CFD)的静态特性仿真研究,比较分析了前置级阀挡板及主阀芯在不同位置时阀腔内流场的流动状态和压力损失情况并提出优化措施,得到了挡板位置-流量特性曲线和位置-气动力特性曲线、主阀芯位置-流量特性曲线以及主阀输出推力。利用推力测量试验台进行了原理样机的热试,实测结果与仿真结果基本一致,证明了对两级直接力控制阀的静态特性分析是准确的。分析结果表明,在入口压力保持不变的情况下,前置级阀挡板及主阀芯开口度增大,喷管的输出流量也增大,处于中位时两喷管输出总流量最大;当挡板自中位向极限位置运动时,气动力逐渐增大,是帮助挡板运动的主动力,反之恰好相反;该阀输出的644 N大推力完全能满足导弹控制系统的要求。     

浅谈航天标准与型号研制的相辅相成

简述航天型号研制与航天标准化之间的关系,说明航天标准与型号研制全生命周期是相辅相成的和相互促进与推动的,而后对标准的普及和宣贯提出建议。     

APC-Ⅲ型带钢传输自动纠偏装置研制成功

飞行自动控制研究所充分发挥在自动控制技术和电子技术方面的专长,自行设计制造出我国第一套国产化的带钢传输自动纠偏装置。该装置经武汉钢铁公司长时间生产运行表明,带钢在轧制过程中高速运转发生跑偏之后均能使其自动对中,避免了断带、停机校正,大大提高了生产效率,每年可为企业创造经济效