Exobiological exploration of Mars.

Of all the other planets in the solar system, Mars remains the most promising for further elucidating concepts about chemical evolution and the origin of life. Strategies were developed to pursue three exobiological objectives for Mars exploration: determining the abundance and distribution of the biogenic elements and organic compounds, detecting evidence of an ancient biota on Mars, and determining whether indigenous organisms exist anywhere on the planet. The three strategies are quite similar and, in fact, share the same sequence of phases. In the first phase, each requires global reconnaissance and remote sensing by orbiters to select sites of interest for detailed in situ analyses. In the second phase, lander missions are conducted to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the selected sites. The third phase involves conducting "critical" experiments at sites whose properties make them particularly attractive for exobiology. These critical experiments would include, for example, identification of organics, detection of fossils, and detection of extant life. The fourth phase is the detailed analysis of samples returned from these sites in Earth-based laboratories to confirm and extend previous discoveries. Finally, in the fifth phase, human exploration is needed to establish the geological settings for the earlier findings or to discover and explore sites that are not accessible to robotic spacecraft.     

UV photobiochemistry under space conditions

The response of spores of Bacillus subtilis, cells of Deinococcus radiodurans and conidia of Aspergillus ochraceus to actual and simulated space conditions (UV in combination with long-term exposure to extremely dry conditions, including vacuum) has been studied: The following effects have been analyzed: decrease of viability, occurrence of DNA double strand breaks, formation of DNA-protein cross-links and DNA-DNA cross-links. All organisms show an increased sensitivity to UV light in extreme dryness (dry argon or vacuum) compared to an irradiation in aqueous suspension. The UV irradiation leads in all cases to a variety of DNA lesions. Very conspicuous is the occurrence of double strand breaks. Most of these double strand breaks are produced by incomplete repair of other lesions, especially base damages. The increase in DNA lesions can be correlated to the loss in viability. The specific response of the chromosomal DNA to UV irradiation in extreme dryness, however, varies from species to species and depends on the state of dehydration. The formation of DNA double strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links prevails in the case of B. subtilis spores. In cells of Deinococcus radiodurans DNA-DNA cross-links often predominate, in conidia of Aspergillus ochraceus double strand breaks. The results obtained by direct exposure to space conditions (EURECA mission and D2 mission) largely agree with the laboratory data.     

结冰实验段空气-水混合流动过程的数值模拟

针对结冰实验段内低温空气与高温雾化水滴的混合流动过程进行了数值模拟,采用拉格朗日方法建立了空气-游离水滴/冰粒多相混合流动与传热传质的一维分析模型,考虑了水滴粒径分布、相变及空气-水滴/冰粒传热传质等因素,求解了流道内气流温度/湿度/速度,水滴温度/速度/半径等参数沿流动方向的变化,分析了水滴粒径分布、气流温度、液态水含量、相对湿度等参数对流动与传热过程的影响,与已有数据的对比验证了模型及结论的正确性.      

基于能量的飞机横侧向控制方法研究

结合偏差控制与总能量解耦思想,将总能量控制原理应用于飞机的横侧向控制,实现了滚转与偏航模态解耦及偏航角、侧滑角的无稳差控制。对某型运输机典型飞行状态进行了横侧向解耦控制律设计和仿真,仿真结果表明,基于飞机纵向总能量控制同样能用于飞机的横侧向飞行控制,较好地实现了偏航角和侧滑角的信号跟踪及滚转与偏航模态的解耦。     

高动态环境下GPS信号捕获研究

高动态环境信号的捕获是GPS接收机的关键技术,接收机处于高速运动的状态使GPS信号产生相位延迟和多普勒频移,增加了信号的捕获难度。分析了滑动相关捕获和基于FFT捕获两种算法,给出了基于FFT捕获算法的FPGA实现架构,并采用GPS信号仿真器对该设计的可行性进行了捕获验证。结果表明：在导航星相对载体的速度为1 000m/s,加速度为5g的情况下,基于FFT捕获算法可以实现信号的可靠捕获。     

陶瓷-金属梯度焊缝的自蔓延高温合成

本文将自蔓延高温合成（ＳＨＳ）技术与焊接技术相结合,探索了用梯度材料作焊缝的陶瓷与金属焊接的新途径,着重研究了梯度焊缝的制备工艺。结果表明,采用ＳＨＳ技术可成功地制取梯度焊缝层,这种焊缝可以缓和陶瓷与金属焊接时在界面处产生的热应力。     

重型货物空投系统过程仿真及特性分析

建立了货物空投系统仿真计算模型,包括货台在舱内和舱外全过程的运动特性、降落伞拉直和充气过程的轨迹特性计算等,提出了伞群模拟和多吊带系统分析的新方法。结合目前已有的降落伞性能计算模型和物伞系统运动模型,对重型货物空投全过程进行了完整计算,开发了空投过程三维动画仿真软件,通过与试验数据的对比,表明本模型能很好地满足应用的需要。分析了空投速度、伞包安装位置和牵引比等因素对空投过程的影响,指出了实际系统的改进方向。     

飞机整体结构件加工变形的有限元模拟与试验研究

在模拟淬火、拉伸过程获得含有初始残余应力的预拉伸板材以及模拟单齿切削过程获得切削载荷的基础上,提出并采用接力算法,对一航空整体结构件的材料铣削过程进行有限元仿真,同时进行了试验研究.结果表明,有限元模拟的整体结构件的变形与试验具有一致性,从而证明提出的整体结构件加工仿真关键技术的可行性,避免了为研究加工变形而进行的繁琐的试错法.     

货台空投系统出舱过程研究

研究了空投系统的出舱阶段中货台与地板接触模型,采用动力学分析方法建立了统一的出舱运动模型.根据试验设计条件开展系统仿真计算,结果与试验数据基本一致.探讨了货台离机过程对离机后俯仰姿态的影响.使用离机时间评价出舱过程对货台空投精确度的影响,得到了无量纲离机时间的简化算法以方便工程应用;引入了安全距离参数来评价出舱过程安全性,分析了牵引比、质心位置系数和空投时飞机姿态与离机时间和安全距离的关系,为空投系统中货台布局和牵引伞设计等提供了参考依据.