机载雷达的未来发展

本文从当今机械扫描天线到电子扫描相控阵以及共形“智能蒙皮”的角度，探讨了机载雷达的可能发展趋势，阐明了电子扫描相控阵的运行优点，概述了未来综合射频(RF)传感器的概念，提出了实现这一概念的多项关键技术。     

毫米波雷达的目标探测系统

为了评估９４ＧＨｚ雷达在全杂波背景中自动检测目标的作用，本文阐述了进行了硬件和系统研制情况，已研制了几种用于野外试验的地基和机载测量雷达。这些系统的复杂性从简单，固态的碰撞雪崩渡越时间（ＩＭＰＡＴＴ）发射机／耿氏组件向具有扫描天线，双接收机和频率捷变的高功率脉冲雷达变化。人们感兴趣的雷达是由低空（３０～６０米）飞行的高速军事飞行器所运载的，且能高概率探测和辨别３公里处活动武装目标群的那种雷达。     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

用于恶劣天气条件下飞机着陆的雷达视景合成系统

描述了一种用于在恶劣天气情况下辅助飞机着陆的视景合成系统（ＳＶＳ），该系统由一个扫描毫米波雷达，平显和实时信号处理硬件组成，采用一套快速处理算法来增强和显示图像。该系统已在实际的恶劣天气情况进行了大量的高塔与飞行演示验证。此项工作的重要性在于它验证了系统的整体概念和信号处理算法的新颖性。     

纹波电流对消电路

纹波电流对消技术将等于或相反的正常变换器纹波电流的AC电流注入变换器输出电压母线。理想的输出纹波电流为零，结果能产生超低噪声变换器输出电压。电路几乎不需要其他元件，也不需要有源电路。只需附加一个滤波感应绕组、一个辅助电感器和一个小电容器。电路把改进型滤波电感器的泄漏电感用作全部或一部分所要求的辅助电感。纹波对消与转换频率、占空比和其他变换器参数无关。电路消除了连续传导模式和断续传导模式时的纹波电流。试验结果表明，纹波电流值降低了80X以上。     

视景增强系统模拟与实验结果

当今的飞行员必须应付越来越复杂的情况。在民航方面，最关键的任务是进近着陆和滑行，尤其是在恶劣的天气条件下，飞行人员的工作负荷很大。因此，DLR的飞行导引研究所提出了视景增强系统（EVS）的概念，它能提高飞行员的工作效能，增强安全度、还能给飞行员提供完善的态势感知。在本文之前，Doehler和Bollmeyer曾于1996年在所著的“用于障碍探测和视景增强的成像雷达的模拟”一文中给出了这一概念的几个单元。本文概述了DLR的视景增强概念以及研究方法（包括模拟和实验评估两部分）。首先介绍了用于视景增强研究的驾驶员在环路中模拟环境。采用对成像传感器（成像雷达与红外成像传感器）的实时模拟来补充现有的固定基地飞行模拟器。采用数据融合方法组合的不同等级的信息（如地形模型数据，经过处理的由传感器获取的信息、飞机状态矢量与经数据链传递的信息等）来产生增强的景像显示。本文的第二部分将给出一些实验结果。通过与Damiler Benz航空传感器系统公司合作，将毫米波成像雷达样机安装到试验车和试飞机上。迄今为止，这种复杂的HiVision雷达是性能最好的全天候传感器之一。本文示出了采用这一传感器所获得的图像，以及基于数字地形模型的数据融合处理的结果。最后给出一个短的录相片来结束本文。     

Aspartic acid racemization and age-depth relationships for organic carbon in Siberian permafrost

We have analyzed the degree of racemization of aspartic acid in permafrost samples from Northern Siberia, an area from which microorganisms of apparent ages up to a few million years have previously been isolated and cultured. We find that the extent of aspartic acid racemization in permafrost cores increases very slowly up to an age of approximately 25,000 years (around 5 m in depth). The apparent temperature of racemization over the age range of 0-25,000 years, determined using measured aspartic acid racemization rate constants, is -19 degrees C. This apparent racemization temperature is significantly lower than the measured environmental temperature (-11 to -13 degrees C) and suggests active recycling of D-aspartic acid in Siberian permafrost up to an age of around 25,000 years. This indicates that permafrost organisms are capable of repairing some molecular damage incurred while in a "dormant" state over geologic time.     

宽带相参机载雷达系统的动目标检测性能

详细分析了不存在模糊的瞬时宽带（10％）相参雷达系统在空-地应用和空-空应用中的主要优点和缺点，并通过实际杂波中的目标仿真进行了验证。