Changes in organ perfusion and weight ratios in post-simulated microgravity recovery

Head-down tilt models have been used as ground-based simulations of microgravity. Our previous animal research has demonstrated that there are significant changes in fluid distribution within 2 h after placement in a 45 degrees head-down tilt (45HDT) position and these changes in fluid distribution were still present after 14 days of 45HDT. Consequently, we investigated changes in fluid distribution during recovery from 16 days of 45HDT. Changes in radioactive tracer distribution and organ/body weight ratio were examined in rats randomly assigned to a 45HDT or prone control group. The 45HDT rats were suspended for 16 days and then allowed to recover at the prone position 0, 77, 101, or 125 h post-suspension. Animals were injected with technetium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTcDTPA, MW=492 amu, physical half-life of 6.02 h) and then killed 30 min post-injection. Lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain were harvested, weighed, and measured for radioactive counts. Statistical analyses included two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) that compared 45HDT versus controls at the four experimental time points. The organ weight divided by the body weight ratio for the brain, heart, kidneys and liver in the 45HDT rats was significantly different than the control rats, regardless of time (treatment). There was no difference between the different time points (time). The average 99mTcDTPA count divided by the organ weight ratio values for the heart, liver, and spleen were significantly higher in the 45HDT group than the control group. The average counts for the heart and spleen were significantly higher at 77, 101, and 125 h than at time zero. We conclude that the major organs have different recovery patterns after 45HDT for 16 days in the rat.     

Radiative and hybrid cooling of infrared space telescopes

The designs of cold space telescopes, cryogenic and radiatively cooled, are similar in most elements and both benefit from orbits distant from the Earth. In particular such orbits allow the anti-sunward side of radiatively-cooled spacecraft to be used to provide large cooling radiators for the individual radiation shields. Designs incorporating these features have predictedT _tel near 20 K. The attainability of such temperatures is supported by limited practical experience (IRAS, COBE). Supplementary cooling systems (cryogens, mechanical coolers) can be advantageously combined with radiative cooling in hybrid designs to provide robustness against deterioration and yet lower temperatures for detectors, instruments, and even the whole telescope. The possibility of such major additional gains is illustrated by the Very Cold Telescope option under study forEdison, which should offerT _tel5 K for a little extra mechanical cooling capacity.     

操纵面作动对无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响

通过风洞测力实验,研究了不同操纵面作动对某无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响。实验结果表明：升降副翼以及襟副翼正向偏转都会使全机升力系数、阻力系数以及低头力矩增加。升降副翼作动引起的增量要高于襟副翼,并且舵偏角度越大增量越大。全动翼尖作动对全机纵向气动特性基本没有影响。在线性段,鸭翼作动对升力系数和阻力系数影响不大;线性段之外,鸭翼作动使得升力系数和阻力系数减小。迎角α〈16°以及α〉38°时,鸭翼正向作动使得低头力矩减小,负向作动使得低头力矩增加。操纵面作动对低头力矩的控制效率由高到低依次为：升降副翼、襟副翼、鸭翼和全动翼尖。进一步分析表明不同操纵面的控制效率与舵容量系数具有较大关系。     

粘性量子流体动力学模型的一个极限

粘性量子流体动力学模型来源于物理学,具有一定的实际意义和理论价值,是半导体研究中的重要组成部分.粘性量子流体动力学模型是由电子密度,电流密度所满足的两个守恒方程和Poisson方程所组成的.一维稳定状态的粘性量子流体动力学模型是本文的研究对象.此模型在有物理意义的狄利克雷边界条件下的一个极限(Inviscid极限)的存在性是我们的研究目标.     

POD方法在风洞试验二维速度场分析中的应用

针对风洞试验二维速度流场,构建了正交分解与流场重构的数学模型。通过对鼓包背风面PIV瞬时速度流场进行分解,发现阶数越低的模态对原始流场的能量贡献率越大,代表了流场中的低频、大尺度流动结构;反之,阶数越高的模态对原始流场的能量贡献率越小,代表了流场中的高频、小尺度流场结构等信息。通过对流场进行低维重构,发现前4阶重构流场几乎不受一些小尺度旋涡的影响,很清晰地显示了流场的主要结构。     

高速风洞模型支撑方式研究

为了合理选择模型支撑形式,在高速风洞进行了直支杆与Z 支杆两种支撑形式的支架干扰研究试验。结果发现,支架对模型带来不可忽略的干扰量,两种支撑形式对升力、阻力与力矩的干扰量随迎角基本上呈线性变化;直支杆由于距离模型较近,对模型尾部带来较大的影响。而Z 支杆对模型尾部影响较小,在全机与无尾两种状态下的干扰量较为相近。     

Closed cycle coolers for space applications

Single stage Stirling coolers providing refrigeration at around 80 K have been developed for space use and are now being produced commercially. Development work is now concentrating on multistage coolers for temperatures below 30 K. This paper describes results from a two stage cooler built at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and preliminary tests on a closed cycle 4 K cooler.     

Direction finding for two-dimensional incoherently distributed sources with Hadamard shift invariance in non-uniform orthogonal arrays

This paper proposes a novel algorithm for Two-Dimensional (2D) central Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation of incoherently distributed sources. In particular, an orthogonal array structure consisting of two Non-uniform Linear Arrays (NLAs) is considered. Based on first-order Taylor series approximation, the Generalized Array Manifold (GAM) model can first be established to separate the central DOAs from the original array manifold. Then, the Hadamard rotational invariance relationships inside the GAMs of two NLAs are identified. With the aid of such relationships, the central elevation and azimuth DOAs can be estimated through a search-free polynomial rooting method. Additionally, a simple parameter pairing of the estimated 2D angular parameters is also accomplished via the Hadamard rotational invariance relationship inside the GAM of the whole array. A secondary but important result is a derivation of closed-form expressions of the Cramer-Rao lower bound. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a remarkably higher precision at less complexity increment compared with the existing low-complexity methods, which benefits from the larger array aperture of the NLAs. Moreover, it requires no priori information about the angular distributed function.     

A direct position determination method with combined TDOA and FDOA based on particle filter

The localization of a stationary transmitter using moving receivers is considered. The original Direct Position Determination (DPD) methods, with combined Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA), do not perform well under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and worse still, the computation cost is difficult to accept when the computational capabilities are limited. To get better positioning performance, we present a new DPD algorithm that proves to be more computationally efficient and more precise for weak signals than the conventional approach. The algorithm partitions the signal received with the same receiver into multiple non-overlapping short-time signal segments, and then uses the TDOA, the FDOA and the coherency among the short-time signals to locate the target. The fast maximum likelihood estimation, one iterative method based on particle filter, is designed to solve the problem of high computation load. A secondary but important result is a derivation of closed-form expressions of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms the traditional DPD algorithms with more accurate results and higher computational efficiency, and especially at low SNR, it is more close to the CRLB.