LDA测量方截面U型旋转通道速度分布

为了深入了解旋转涡轮叶片内冷通道中的流动特性，用激光多谱勒测速仪(LDA)测量了旋转U型通道中的平均速度分布。通道的横截面积为50mm×50mm，弯管的平均半径与水利直径的比值为0.65，旋转轴与弯管的曲率轴平行。在Re＝105时分别测量了转动数Ro＝0，0.2和-0.2三种旋转状态下的速度分布。在这三种情况下弯管内侧θ＝90°至下游一定范围内都有流动的分离出现。由于不同的旋转状态二次流的方向和强弱不同，导致了分离区大小和通道中速度分布的不同。     

Red edge measurements for remotely sensing plant chlorophyll content

The feasibility of using the wavelength of the maximum slope of the red edge of leaf reflectance spectra (λ_re) as an indication of plant chlorophyll status was examined in the laboratory for single leaves of several species. λ_re for each sample was determined by derivative reflectance spectroscopy. A high positive correlation was found between λ_re and leaf chlorophyll content for all species, although there were some differences in the quantitative nature of the relationship for plants of different types. The position of the red edge was found to be unaffected by simulated change in ground cover, but multiple leaf layers produced a shift in its position. Appropriate spectral measurements and processing for obtaining useful information from the red edge are discussed, and the potential of the red edge in relation to other spectral measurements is considered.     

Experimental investigation of the effects of gravity on thermosolutal convection and compositional homogeneity in bridgman grown,compound semiconductors

Lead-tin-telluride has been grown in a thermally stable mode (solutally unstable) and in a solutally stable (thermally unstable) mode in a Bridgman configuration. Significant differences in the crystal morphology and the compositional homogeneity have been found between the two configurations. In addition, for the solutally stable configuration, evidence has been found that the flow characteristics in the melt change drastically during the course of the run.     

Applied potential tomography

Applied Potential Tomography (APT) is a new method of imaging changes in the distribution of electrical resistivity within the human body. Such changes occur during respiration and, because of the movement of blood within the chest, during the cardiac cycle. Changes can also be observed due to redistribution of fluid within the body during simulated weightlessness. As very low electric currents are used to take measurements the method is safe. The equipment is simple and compact and ideal for use in space based measurement of physiological changes in the human body.     

Analysis tools for the evaluation of maintenance software

Test packages written for built-in test (BIT) and mobile automatic test equipment (ATE) systems for the forward support of electronic and thermal imaging equipment used by the British Army are currently scrutinized and subjected to objective tests by test package evaluation and acceptance teams (TPEATs) before being accepted for field use. This is a time-consuming and costly exercise that can result in the rejection of unsuitable software. The result of such rejection on equipment logistics is for reaching, since the hardware will enter service without adequate maintenance support. In an attempt to address this problem a suite of programs aimed at assisting the verification and validation activities of the TPEAT at every stage of the software life cycle from requirements analysis through to testing and acceptance is being devised. The development of these tools is discussed     

旋转方截面U型通道分离流二阶相关分量测量

为了深入了解旋转涡轮叶片内冷通道中的紊流特性，并为CFD研究提供实验数据，用激光多普勒测速仪（LDA）测量了旋转U型通道中分离流的雷诺应力分量。通道的转轴与弯道的曲率轴平行，测量是在与转轴垂直的对称平面中进行的，流动状态为Re=100,000,Ro=0,0.2和－0．2。直接测量的分量为ux^2^-,Ux^2^-和uxux^-，结果表明旋转对紊流分布的形式有很强的影响。在测量的三种旋转状态中Ro=0.2的正转和Ro=0.2的负转分别具有最低和最高的紊流强度。根据测量到的信息估算了雷诺应力uiuj^-的产生率，结果显示负转的产生率比正转时高。     

Ptolemy – an Instrument to Measure Stable Isotopic Ratios of Key Volatiles on a Cometary Nucleus

A fundamental goal of cometary studies is to determine the exact relationship between these bodies and the Solar System – the question(s) can be summarised as follows: did comets originate during the same events that spawned the Sun and planets, are they more primitive bodies that record a pre-solar history, or are they interstellar materials collected in relatively more recent times? Now, whatever the origin of comets, it is entirely possible that they could, in part, contain interstellar or pre-solar components – indeed, it seems rather likely in light of the fact that primitive meteorites contain such entities. These particular components are likely to be refractory (dust, macromolecular organic complexes, etc.). Of more relevance to the issues above are the volatile constituents, which make up the bulk of a comet's mass. Since these materials, by their very nature, volatilise during perihelion passage of a comet they can, in some instances, be detected and measured spectroscopically. Perhaps the most useful species for isotopic investigations are C₂, HCN and CN. Unfortunately, spectroscopic measurements can only currently be made with accuracies of ±10 to ±20%. As such it is very often not practical to conclude anything further than the fact that isotopic measurements are compatible with ‘`solar’' values, which tends to imply an origin from the margins of the solar accretion disk. But there is another problem with the spectroscopic measurements – since these are made on gaseous species in the coma (and relatively minor species at that) it is impossible to be certain that these represent the true nuclear values. In other words, if the processes of sublimation, active jetting, and photochemistry in the coma impart isotopic fractionation, the spectroscopic measurements could give a false impression of the true isotope ratios. What is required is an experiment capable of measuring isotopic ratios at the very surface of a comet. Herein we describe the Ptolemy instrument, which is included on the Philae lander as part of the Rosetta mission to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The major objective of Ptolemy is a detailed appraisal of the nature and isotopic compositions of all materials present at the surface of a comet.     

Approaches to detection of geochemical stress in vegetation

Work has been carried out to elucidate fundamental relationships between spectral properties of plants and geochemical stress, and a programme of field and laboratory work is in progress. The most significant results and conclusions at this stage are described and attention is focused on the new concepts for stress detection which have been generated. The applications of the research are relevant to the understanding of current remotely sensed data as well as relating to ideas for new instrumentation.     

Implementation of ALARA radiation protection on the ISS through polyethylene shielding augmentation of the Service Module Crew Quarters.

With 5-7 month long duration missions at 51.6 degrees inclination in Low Earth Orbit, the ionizing radiation levels to which International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers are exposed will be the highest planned occupational exposures in the world. Even with the expectation that regulatory dose limits will not be exceeded during a single tour of duty aboard the ISS, the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) precept requires that radiological risks be minimized when possible through a dose optimization process. Judicious placement of efficient shielding materials in locations where crewmembers sleep, rest, or work is an important means for implementing ALARA for spaceflight. Polyethylene (CnHn) is a relatively inexpensive, stable, and, with a low atomic number, an effective shielding material that has been certified for use aboard the ISS. Several designs for placement of slabs or walls of polyethylene have been evaluated for radiation exposure reduction in the Crew Quarters (CQ) of the Zvezda (Star) Service Module. Optimization of shield designs relies on accurate characterization of the expected primary and secondary particle environment and modeling of the predicted radiobiological responses of critical organs and tissues. Results of the studies shown herein indicate that 20% or more reduction in equivalent dose to the CQ occupant is achievable. These results suggest that shielding design and risk analysis are necessary measures for reducing long-term radiological risks to ISS inhabitants and for meeting legal ALARA requirements. Verification of shield concepts requires results from specific designs to be compared with onboard dosimetry.