空间光学系统中内部构件热辐射引起的谱段杂散辐射

对空间光学系统中由于内部构件热辐射而引起谱段杂散辐射,建立了谱段辐射物理模型和采用蒙特卡罗方法计算的有关概率模型及计算方法。编制了较通用的分析软件,并针对某一空间光学系统进行了计算,通过分析计算结果得到一些有益的结论。     

Finding extraterrestrial organisms living on thermosynthesis

During thermal cycling, organisms could live on thermosynthesis, a theoretical mechanism applicable to the origin of life and the early evolution of biological energy conversion. All extraterrestrial ice may be a repository for frozen dead or dormant organisms from earlier stages of evolution. In the presence of a thermal gradient within the ice, organisms might still be harvesting energy from thermosynthesis. Possible habitats for thermosynthesizers can be found throughout the Solar System, particularly in the cold traps on Mercury and the Moon, convecting waters on Mars, the oceans on moons in the outer Solar System, and smaller bodies rotating in the sunlight such as cosmic dust, meteorites, asteroids, and comets. A general strategy for detecting thermosynthetic organisms on Earth is offered, and highlights of current and upcoming robotic exploratory missions relevant to the detection of thermosynthesis are reviewed.     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

星载光学遥感器消杂光技术现状与发展

通过对国内外杂散辐射理论发展状况的研究和消杂光技术的探讨，归纳出杂光技术领域目前的国际水平以及该项技术的发展趋势；分别从散射理论、分析软件、测试途径以及杂光抑制措施等７个方面，力图全面系统地阐述该项技术的诸方面内容。文章从国情出发，根据当前中国消杂光技术现状和未来高水平空间遥感器的要求，提出下一步中国消杂光技术发展的建议。     

多光谱扫描仪的杂光计算

本文采用蒙特卡洛法计算太阳光进入星载光学系统的杂光数量级。并对一具体结构的多光谱扫描仪进行了计算，以确定其消杂光能力。对某些参数的变动也进行了计算，为设计和修改提供了依据     

Bone loss during long term space flight is prevented by the application of a short term impulsive mechanical stimulus

In long term space flight, the mechanical forces applied to the skeleton are substantially reduced and are altered in character. This reduced skeletal loading results in a reduction in bone mass. Exercise techniques currently used in space can maintain muscle mass but the mechanical stimulus provided by this exercise does not prevent bone loss. By applying an external impulsive load for a short period each day, which is intended to mimic the heel strike transient, to the lower limb of an astronaut during a long term space flight (5 months), this study tests the hypothesis that the bone cells can be activated by an appropriate external mechanical stimulus to maintain bone mass throughout prolonged periods of weightlessness. A mechanical loading device was developed to produce a loading of the os-calcis similar to that observed during the heel strike transient. The device is activated by the astronaut to provide a transient load to the heel of one leg whilst providing an equivalent exercising load to the other leg. During the EUROMIR95 mission on the MIR space station, an astronaut used this device for a short period daily throughout the duration of the mission. Pre- and post-flight measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) of the os-calcis and femoral neck of the astronaut were made to determine the efficacy of the device in preventing loss of bone mineral during the mission. On the os-calcis which received the mechanical stimulus, BMD was maintained throughout the period of the flight, while it was reduced by up to 7% on the os-calcis which received no stimulus. Post-flight, BMD in both the stimulated and non-stimulated os-calcis reduces, the extent of this reduction however is less in the stimulated os-calcis. For the femoral neck, the mechanical stimulation does not produce a positive effect.     

太阳光进入星载多光谱扫描仪引起的杂散光计算

文中通过采用蒙特卡罗 (Montte-Carlo)法对空间光学系统中各种构件表面建立概率模型,来计算由于太阳光进入系统所引起的杂散光数量级;并对一具体结构的多光谱扫描仪进行了计算分析。文中考虑了伪随机数的构造及能束数对计算精度的影响,并讨论了光学系统几何结构的改变对消杂散光能力的影响,为设计和修改提供了依据。     

太阳光进入星载多光谱扫描仪引起的杂散光计算

文中通过采用蒙特瞳罗法对空间光学系统中各种构件表面建立概率模型，来计算由于太阳光进入系统所引起的杂散光数量级；并对一具体结构的多光谱扫描仪进行了计算分析。