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1.
Joris A. D. L. Blommaert Jan Cami Ryszard Szczerba Michael J. Barlow 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):215-243
A large fraction of ISO observing time was used to study the late stages of stellar evolution. Many molecular and solid state
features, including crystalline silicates and the rotational lines of water vapour, were detected for the first time in the
spectra of (post-)Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. Their analysis has greatly improved our knowledge of stellar atmospheres
and circumstellar environments. A surprising number of objects, particularly young planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet (WR)
central stars, were found to exhibit emission features in their ISO spectra that are characteristic of both oxygen-rich and
carbon-rich dust species, while far-IR observations of the PDR around NGC 7027 led to the first detections of the rotational
line spectra of CH and CH+.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
2.
Michael Shaw 《Acta Astronautica》2004,54(11-12):943
3.
Using the example of the USA, this article examines the economics of foreign participation in applied R&D space projects, with an emphasis on those with the goal of commercializing technology. Following an overview of the arguments within applied high-tech research in general — fear of subsidizing other countries economies and jeopardizing national prestige; benefits from nationally unavailable skills, reducing government costs and increasing domestic incentives for innovation — the authors consider specific characteristics of markets for space technology in the light of these arguments. They conclude with a discussion of policy options, such as the use of licenses or levy of royalties, to preserve the virtues of foreign competition while addressing concerns about ‘underwriting’ foreign competitors. 相似文献
4.
Semenov Vladimir S. Kubyshkin Igor V. Kiendl Michael T. Biernat Helfried K. Rijnbeek Richard P. Besser Bruno P. 《Space Science Reviews》1997,82(3-4):451-461
In this article we address several criticisms of Petschek-type reconnection models which have recently been raised by Heikkila. We discuss features of the time-dependent Petschek-type models in the context of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, and point out that such models can incorporate and reproduce observed features at the magnetopause, such as plasma jets and erosion of the current sheet. We argue that some of Heikkila's criticisms can be attributed to weaknesses in the analysis due to incomplete experimental information, rather than to flaws in the concept of reconnection per se; in this category we include the question of which instability leads to the localised breakup of the magnetopause current sheet. Other criticisms are based on an adherence to steady-state models, and cannot be sustained within the extended time-dependent theory. We discuss, for example, how the time-dependent model can provide a consistent picture of how energy from the incoming solar wind is transferred and converted as it enters the magnetosphere. 相似文献
5.
Peter C. Thomas Joseph Veverka Michael F. A’Hearn Lucy Mcfadden Michael J. S. Belton Jessica M. Sunshine 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):193-205
The Deep Impact mission will provide the highest resolution images yet of a comet nucleus. Our knowledge of the makeup and
structure of cometary nuclei, and the processes shaping their surfaces, is extremely limited, thus use of the Deep Impact
data to show the geological context of the cratering experiment is crucial. This article briefly discusses some of the geological
issues of cometary nuclei. 相似文献
6.
Michael J. S. Belton Karen J. Meech Michael F. A’Hearn Olivier Groussin Lucy Mcfadden Carey Lisse Yanga R. Fernández Jana PittichovÁ Henry Hsieh Jochen Kissel Kenneth Klaasen Philippe Lamy Dina Prialnik Jessica Sunshine Peter Thomas Imre Toth 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):137-160
In 1998, Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was chosen as the target of the Deep Impact mission (A’Hearn, M. F., Belton, M. J. S., and Delamere, A., Space Sci. Rev., 2005) even though very little was known about its physical properties. Efforts were immediately begun to improve this situation
by the Deep Impact Science Team leading to the founding of a worldwide observing campaign (Meech et al., Space Sci. Rev., 2005a). This campaign has already produced a great deal of information on the global properties of the comet’s nucleus
(summarized in Table I) that is vital to the planning and the assessment of the chances of success at the impact and encounter.
Since the mission was begun the successful encounters of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft at Comet 19P/Borrelly and the Stardust spacecraft at Comet 81P/Wild 2 have occurred yielding new information on the state of the nuclei of these two comets. This
information, together with earlier results on the nucleus of comet 1P/Halley from the European Space Agency’s Giotto, the Soviet Vega mission, and various ground-based observational and theoretical studies, is used as a basis for conjectures on the morphological,
geological, mechanical, and compositional properties of the surface and subsurface that Deep Impact may find at 9P/Tempel 1. We adopt the following working values (circa December 2004) for the nucleus parameters of prime importance to Deep Impact as follows: mean effective radius = 3.25± 0.2 km, shape – irregular triaxial ellipsoid with a/b = 3.2± 0.4 and overall dimensions of ∼14.4 × 4.4 × 4.4 km, principal axis rotation with period = 41.85± 0.1 hr, pole directions
(RA, Dec, J2000) = 46± 10, 73± 10 deg (Pole 1) or 287± 14, 16.5± 10 deg (Pole 2) (the two poles are photometrically, but not
geometrically, equivalent), Kron-Cousins (V-R) color = 0.56± 0.02, V-band geometric albedo = 0.04± 0.01, R-band geometric
albedo = 0.05± 0.01, R-band H(1,1,0) = 14.441± 0.067, and mass ∼7×1013 kg assuming a bulk density of 500 kg m−3. As these are working values, {i.e.}, based on preliminary analyses, it is expected that adjustments to their values may be made before encounter
as improved estimates become available through further analysis of the large database being made available by the Deep Impact observing campaign. Given the parameters listed above the impact will occur in an environment where the local gravity is
estimated at 0.027–0.04 cm s−2 and the escape velocity between 1.4 and 2 m s−1. For both of the rotation poles found here, the Deep Impact spacecraft on approach to encounter will find the rotation axis close to the plane of the sky (aspect angles 82.2 and 69.7
deg. for pole 1 and 2, respectively). However, until the rotation period estimate is substantially improved, it will remain
uncertain whether the impactor will collide with the broadside or the ends of the nucleus. 相似文献
7.
Jessica M. Sunshine Michael F. A’Hearn Olivier Groussin Lucy A. McFadden Kenneth P. Klaasen Peter H. Schultz Carey M. Lisse 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):269-295
The science payload on the Deep Impact mission includes a 1.05–4.8 μm infrared spectrometer with a spectral resolution ranging
from R∼200–900. The Deep Impact IR spectrometer was designed to optimize, within engineering and cost constraints, observations
of the dust, gas, and nucleus of 9P/Tempel 1. The wavelength range includes absorption and emission features from ices, silicates,
organics, and many gases that are known to be, or anticipated to be, present on comets. The expected data will provide measurements
at previously unseen spatial resolution before, during, and after our cratering experiment at the comet 9P/Tempel 1. This
article explores the unique aspects of the Deep Impact IR spectrometer experiment, presents a range of expectations for spectral
data of 9P/Tempel 1, and summarizes the specific science objectives at each phase of the mission. 相似文献
8.
A new view of the ring current as an active element in the geospace system has emerged in which the ring current responds not only to changing convection electric fields imposed by solar wind interactions but to internal dynamics of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere (geospace) system. Variations in the plasma sheet density, temperature and composition, saturation of the polar cap potential drop (and presumably the cross-tail potential drop), modifications to the imposed convection potential in the inner magnetosphere due to ring current shielding effects, the presence of a pre-existing ring current population, storm-substorm coupling, and strong convection with and without accompanying substorm activity all have an impact on the ring current strength, formation and loss. All of these internal processes imply that the geoeffectiveness of a solar wind driver cannot be predicted on the basis of the characteristics of the driver alone but must reflect key aspects of the dynamically changing geospace environment, itself. This review gives a summary of new information on ring current input and decay processes focusing on implications for the global geospace response to solar wind drivers during magnetic storms and on open questions that can be addressed with new ENA imaging techniques. 相似文献
9.
Christoph Mayer Carsten Becker Norbert Jakowski Michael Meurer 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
We present first results of using the European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Galileo for determining the Total Electron Content (TEC). Furthermore, we describe a calibration technique which can be used to determine GNSS inter-frequency and inter-system biases along with calibrated TEC. 相似文献
10.
Marco B. Quadrelli Paul Backes W. Keats Wilkie Lou Giersch Ubaldo Quijano Jason Keim Daniel Scharf Rudranarayan Mukherjee S. Case Bradford Michael McKee 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(7-8):947-973
This paper summarizes the modeling, simulation, and testing work related to the development of technology to investigate the potential that shape memory actuation has to provide mechanically simple and affordable solutions for delivering assets to a surface and for sample capture and possible return to Earth. We investigate the structural dynamics and controllability aspects of an adaptive beam carrying an end-effector which, by changing material equilibrium phases, is able to actively decouple the end-effector dynamics from the spacecraft dynamics during the surface contact phase. Asset delivery and sample capture and return are at the heart of several emerging potential missions to small bodies, such as asteroids and comets, and to the surface of large bodies, such as Titan. 相似文献