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Björn J. R. Davidsson 《Space Science Reviews》2008,138(1-4):207-223
This paper reviews some important results about Knudsen layers obtained in theoretical gas kinetics research in the last few decades, focusing on the weak and strong evaporation problems in two-surface, half-space, and spherical geometries. Furthermore, the application of such results in cometary science is reviewed. In order to illustrate some properties of the half-space evaporation problem for water ice surfaces at temperatures relevant for active comets, a number of numerical Direct Simulation Monte Carlo calculations are presented. 相似文献
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Karel A. Van Der Hucht Peter S. Conti Ingemar Lundström Björn Stenholm 《Space Science Reviews》1981,28(3):227-306
This paper presents the Sixth Catalogue of galactic Wolf-Rayet stars (Pop. I), a short history on the five earlier WR catalogues, improved spectral classification, finding charts, a discussion on related objects, and a review of the current status of Wolf-Rayet star research.The appendix presents a bibliography on most of the Wolf-Rayet literature published since 1867.Visiting astronomer, Kitt Peak National Observatory and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.Visiting astronomer, European Southern Observatory. 相似文献
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L.G. Björn 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(4):145-151
One of the most characteristic features of the summer mesopause at high latitudes is the very low temperature. Earlier measurements have shown temperatures in the range down to 135 K around 86 km altitude, whereas the most recent measurements have revealed temperatures still much lower than that in a rather wide altitude region. The reasons for these low temperatures are to be found in the dynamics of the strato- and mesospheres. Upwinds and gravity wave activity over the summer hemisphere cause efficient cooling of the atmosphere.Also other effects are caused by the updrafts. The vertical transport velocity for important minor constituents is increased, which for instance causes the concentration of water vapor around the mesopause to be enhanced by large factors. This situation is of major importance for the possibility of forming noctilucent clouds (NLC).NLC are believed to be composed of small water ice particles, which because of the low temperatures can be formed on existing condensation nuclei. Two of the main questions regarding the formation of NLC concern the water vapor budget of the upper mesosphere and the origin of the condensation nuclei.This paper gives a general introduction to mesospheric physics and composition. Some results from recent satellite and rocket experiments are reviewed and the campaign layout and the performed experiments within the MAP project CAMP are described. The results from the different experiments are presented in four accompanying papers on CAMP results. 相似文献
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T Bj?rkman 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(1):195-201
Physical principles can be used to predict some features about the gravity perception system in plants. The nature of the system has made it rather elusive, so this approach represents an additional source of information to help find it. For a gravitational stimulus to be detected, two masses must move relative to each other in a manner which causes a significant amount of work to be done on a receptor. Relative to cellular dimensions, the masses must be large, be dense and move noticeable distances. The main sources of noise are thermal motion and flexing of the plant tissue. Some new models for the function of amyloplasts as statoliths are presented. 相似文献
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E. Kopp H. Ramseyer L.G. Björn 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(4):157-161
The positive ion composition and electron density were measured in the lower ionosphere above Kiruna in salvo A of CAMP (Cold Arctic Mesopause Project). The CAMP/P (S37/P) payload carrying a magnetic ion spectrometer, positive ion and electron probes, and propagation experiments was launched on 3 August 1982 2332 UT during extended Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) and auroral activities over Kiruna. The measured electron density was 5×103cm?3 at 80 km and 2.5×105cm?3 at 90 km. The increase of ion and electron densities in the D- and E-region during twilight was caused by precipitating auroral particles. The height distribution of the positive ions measured by the mass spectrometer in the mass range 19–280 amu is different from a winter flight with similar auroral conditions. Below 85.5 km proton hydrates H+(H2O)3 ? H+(H2O)8 were the dominant ions. The heaviest proton hydrates H+(H2O)7 and H+(H2O)8 were most abundant at 82–85.5 km, the altitude of visible NLC. Above 85.5 km O2+ and NO+ became dominant. A small metal ion layer was observed between 90.5–93 km with a maximum ion density of 10% of the total positive ion density at 91 km altitude. The metal ion density disappeared within about a km below 90.5 km. 相似文献
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