Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

The Suess-Urey mission (return of solar matter to Earth)

The Suess-Urey (S-U) mission has been proposed as a NASA Discovery mission to return samples of matter from the Sun to the Earth for isotopic and chemical analyses in terrestrial laboratories to provide a major improvement in our knowledge of the average chemical and isotopic composition of the solar system. The S-U spacecraft and sample return capsule will be placed in a halo orbit around the L1 Sun-Earth libration point for two years to collect solar wind ions which implant into large passive collectors made of ultra-pure materials. Constant Spacecraft-Sun-Earth geometries enable simple spin stabilized attitude control, simple passive thermal control, and a fixed medium gain antenna. Low data requirements and the safety of a Sun-pointed spinner, result in extremely low mission operations costs.     

Spatial orientation during locomotion [correction of locomation] following space flight

To investigate changes in spatial orientation ability and walking performance following space flight, 7 astronaut subjects were asked pre- and post-flight to perform a goal directed locomotion paradigm which consisted of walking a triangular path with and without vision. This new paradigm, involving inputs from different sensory systems, allows quantification of several critical parameters, like orientation performance, walking velocities and postural stability, in a natural walking task. The paper presented here mainly focusses on spatial orientation performance quantified by the errors in walking the previously seen path without vision. Errors in length and reaching the corners did not change significantly from pre- to post-flight, while absolute angular errors slightly increased post-flight. The significant decrease in walking velocity and a change in head-trunk coordination while walking around the corners of the path observed post-flight may suggest that during re-adaptation to gravity the mechanisms which are necessary to perform the task have to be re-accomplished.     

专栏序言

自二次大战后期开始,“活塞改喷气”的大趋势很快地由歼击机向各类飞机扩展。由此导致航空螺旋桨的研究发展工作曾一度基本停顿。经过三十年左右,却戏剧性地出现了“螺桨复兴”的局面。目前世界上大部分支线飞机和通用航空飞机均主要依靠螺桨推进。此外,大中型民用飞机使用桨扇推进的前景一直为人们所关注。从我国情况来看,目前已投入批量生产的全部民机,都装备螺旋桨而无一例外。为了加强航空螺旋桨的研究工作,在部领导直接关怀下,“北航螺桨研究发展中心”于 1 988年元月份正式诞生。      

用单台摄影机的脱靶量测量

由一台靶载高速摄影机的数据可以给出导弹的弹道和脱靶距离。该报告导出了理论解,并简要地说明了如何修改该解法以便用计算机处理实际数据。还给出了误差源及其数量级。     

钢纤维高强混凝土施工技术要求

本文系根据某工程设计要求、当地材料供应情况和施工现场条件等因素提出的钢纤维高强混凝土施工技术要求，可供其它类似工程参考。     

21世纪中国民用航空航天发展政策

国防科学技术工业委员会副主任奕恩杰在第三届珠海国际航展期间召开的新闻发布会上，代表我国政府在《面向２１世纪的中国民用航空航天》的报告中公布了我国民用航空航天发展政策。 报告指出：面向２１世纪，中国政府将继续支持和鼓励航空航天事业，坚持独立自主、自力更生、自主创新的基本原则，统筹规划、协调发展，积极推进航空航天工业新发展。 中国政府的民用航空航天政策主要包括： ──支持航空航天领域的预先研究和技术基础建设，集中力量攻克重大关键技术，形成自主知识产权。加强空间技术、空间应用、空间科学三个领域的技术基础…     

飞机维修AIRCRAFTMAINTENANCE

GAMECO执管飞机可用率达96% 据统计:广州飞机维修工程有限公司(GAMECO)在2000年完成了年初制定的各项生产任务和财务指标,保持了较高的飞机定检出厂和飞机可靠率,飞机放行可靠度仍然保持为99.6%,GAMECO执管飞机的可用率为95.90%,比1999年的95.7%略有提高,这在世界上处于领先水平,充分证明了GAMECO有较高的维修管理水平。 截至2000年11月份,GAMECO共完成D检或相当等级的检修15架次,C检71架次,定检(A检、C检)出厂正常率为91.91%;新增飞机附件修理能力71项;新增了空客A320和A321的3C检、波音757吊架改装等飞机维修能力。 GAMECO完成的各种机型的C检的停场时同又比过去缩短了,如波音737的终结C检的停场时间从40天减少至36天,波音757的4C检从25天减至23天,空客A320的1C和2C检也比过去减少了1天。这就意味着航空公司的最重要资源--飞机的利用率提高了。(毛雄斌)