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A commonly accepted view is that life began in a marine environment, which would imply the presence of inorganic ions such as Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+. We have investigated two processes relevant to the origin of life--membrane self-assembly and RNA polymerization--and established that both are adversely affected by ionic solute concentrations much lower than those of contemporary oceans. In particular, monocarboxylic acid vesicles, which are plausible models of primitive membrane systems, are completely disrupted by low concentrations of divalent cations, such as magnesium and calcium, and by high sodium chloride concentrations as well. Similarly, a nonenzymatic, nontemplated polymerization of activated RNA monomers in ice/eutectic phases (in a solution of low initial ionic strength) yields oligomers with > 80% of the original monomers incorporated, but polymerization in initially higher ionic strength aqueous solutions is markedly inhibited. These observations suggest that cellular life may not have begun in a marine environment because the abundance of ionic inorganic solutes would have significantly inhibited the chemical and physical processes that lead to self-assembly of more complex molecular systems. 相似文献
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To prevent forward contamination and maintain the scientific integrity of future life-detection missions, it is important to characterize and attempt to eliminate terrestrial microorganisms associated with exploratory spacecraft and landing vehicles. Among the organisms isolated from spacecraft-associated surfaces, spores of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 exhibited unusually high resistance to decontamination techniques such as UV radiation and peroxide treatment. Subsequently, B. pumilus SAFR-032 was flown to the International Space Station (ISS) and exposed to a variety of space conditions via the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF). After 18 months of exposure in the EXPOSE facility of the European Space Agency (ESA) on EuTEF under dark space conditions, SAFR-032 spores showed 10-40% survivability, whereas a survival rate of 85-100% was observed when these spores were kept aboard the ISS under dark simulated martian atmospheric conditions. In contrast, when UV (>110?nm) was applied on SAFR-032 spores for the same time period and under the same conditions used in EXPOSE, a ~7-log reduction in viability was observed. A parallel experiment was conducted on Earth with identical samples under simulated space conditions. Spores exposed to ground simulations showed less of a reduction in viability when compared with the "real space" exposed spores (~3-log reduction in viability for "UV-Mars," and ~4-log reduction in viability for "UV-Space"). A comparative proteomics analysis indicated that proteins conferring resistant traits (superoxide dismutase) were present in higher concentration in space-exposed spores when compared to controls. Also, the first-generation cells and spores derived from space-exposed samples exhibited elevated UVC resistance when compared with their ground control counterparts. The data generated are important for calculating the probability and mechanisms of microbial survival in space conditions and assessing microbial contaminants as risks for forward contamination and in situ life detection. 相似文献
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采用环境减灾二号A/B卫星数据,在福建武夷山国家公园和东北虎豹国家公园2个试验区开展森林树种识别的应用研究。分别提取2个试验区影像的光谱特征、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和基于主成分第一分量的8个纹理特征信息,采用支持向量机(SVM)和原型网络分类对森林主要树种进行识别,并利用验证样本进行精度评价。结果表明:在福建武夷山国家公园试验区,SVM和原型网络分类的总精度分别为86.37%和91.11%,Kappa系数分别为0.83和0.90。在东北虎豹国家公园试验区,SVM和原型网络分类的总精度分别为91.77%和91.34%,Kappa系数均为0.90。总体来说,环境减灾二号A/B卫星数据在2个试验区的主要树种识别精度较好,后续能较好地满足林业行业相关业务应用需求。 相似文献
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Human factors aspects of flight simulation design at McDonnell Douglas are considered. Modeling approaches are examined and testing with pilots and cockpits is described. 相似文献
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文章针对现有真空热试验网络存在的数据链路可靠性低、发生故障时主/备数据链路切换时间长的问题,提出了一种网络架构的改进方法,即网络核心层采用虚拟交换系统(virtual switching system,VSS)架构,利用以太网通道(multi-ethernet chanel,MEC)方式与汇聚层堆叠设备互联,汇聚层设备到接入层设备利用链路聚合控制协议(link aggregation control protocol,LACP)作链路绑定,实现关键设备和数据链路的冗余,网络单节点或单链路的主/备设备数据链路切换无时延。该架构已在真空热试验网进行了验证,运行效果良好,达到预期效果。 相似文献