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M.G. Kivelson K.W. Behannon T.E. Cravens I. de Pater T.V. Johnson D.L. Matson H. Masursky D.J. Southwood V.M. Vasyliunas 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(3):5-14
A was presented in conjunction with the Twenty-fourth Plenary Meeting of the Committee on Space Research. This paper summarizes the talks presented and places the remaining papers of this volume in context. 相似文献
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本文在假定磁层顶为切向间断面的近似下分析了可压缩K-H不稳定波在磁层顶两侧的能量分配及能量和动量输运,讨论了相应的物理机制.计算表明,K-H不稳定性确实能在太阳风-磁层耦合中起重要作用. 相似文献
3.
C Schimek P Eibel T Horie P Galland T Ootaki 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,24(6):687-696
The sporangiophores of the zygomycete fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus contain octahedral crystals with diameters of up to 5 micrometers in their vacuole. The crystals are associated with the intracellular membrane system. In tilted or horizontally placed sporangiophores, the crystals sediment to the respective lower face of the vacuole with a velocity of up to 100 micrometers per minute. The sedimentation is completed within about 2 minutes, well within the latency period for the negative gravitropic response of Phycomyces. Crystal-lacking mutant strains display a smaller maximal bending angle and a reduced gravitropic bending rate in comparison to the wild type. We therefore conclude that the crystals serve as statoliths for gravitropism in Phycomyces. 相似文献
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Trainer MG Pavlov AA Curtis DB McKay CP Worsnop DR Delia AE Toohey DW Toon OB Tolbert MA 《Astrobiology》2004,4(4):409-419
An organic haze layer in the upper atmosphere of Titan plays a crucial role in the atmospheric composition and climate of that moon. Such a haze layer may also have existed on the early Earth, providing an ultraviolet shield for greenhouse gases needed to warm the planet enough for life to arise and evolve. Despite the implications of such a haze layer, little is known about the organic material produced under early Earth conditions when both CO(2) and CH(4) may have been abundant in the atmosphere. For the first time, we experimentally demonstrate that organic haze can be generated in different CH(4)/CO(2) ratios. Here, we show that haze aerosols are able to form at CH(4) mixing ratios of 1,000 ppmv, a level likely to be present on early Earth. In addition, we find that organic hazes will form at C/O ratios as low as 0.6, which is lower than the predicted value of unity. We also show that as the C/O ratio decreases, the organic particles produced are more oxidized and contain biologically labile compounds. After life arose, the haze may thus have provided food for biota. 相似文献
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本文讨论了磁层顶可压缩K-H不稳定波的若干特性,包括磁场扰动和密度扰动的位相关系,扰动磁场的偏振特性,时间增长率的午前午后非对称性,空间增长率及磁层脉动的地方时效应和K-H不稳定波对IMF的响应。分析表明,上述诸特性对于了解磁层边界区MHD波的起源和K-H不稳定性同地磁脉动的关系十分重要。 相似文献
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The Current Systems of the Jovian Magnetosphere and Ionosphere and Predictions for Saturn 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Margaret Galland Kivelson 《Space Science Reviews》2005,116(1-2):299-318
9.
Nitrile incorporation into Titan aerosol accompanying hydrocarbon chemistry is thought to be driven by extreme UV wavelengths (λ<120?nm) or magnetospheric electrons in the outer reaches of the atmosphere. Far UV radiation (120-200?nm), which is transmitted down to the stratosphere of Titan, is expected to affect hydrocarbon chemistry only and not initiate the formation of nitrogenated species. We examined the chemical properties of photochemical aerosol produced at far UV wavelengths, using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), which allows for elemental analysis of particle-phase products. Our results show that aerosol formed from CH(4)/N(2) photochemistry contains a surprising amount of nitrogen, up to 16% by mass, a result of photolysis in the far UV. The proportion of nitrogenated organics to hydrocarbon species is shown to be correlated with that of N(2) in the irradiated gas. The aerosol mass greatly decreases when N(2) is removed, which indicates that N(2) plays a major role in aerosol production. Because direct dissociation of N(2) is highly improbable given the immeasurably low cross section at the wavelengths studied, the chemical activation of N(2) must occur via another pathway. Any chemical activation of N(2) at wavelengths >120?nm is presently unaccounted for in atmospheric photochemical models. We suggest that reaction with CH radicals produced from CH(4) photolysis may provide a mechanism for incorporating N into the molecular structure of the aerosol. Further work is needed to understand the chemistry involved, as these processes may have significant implications for how we view prebiotic chemistry on early Earth and similar planets. 相似文献
10.
THE CLUSTER MAGNETIC FIELD INVESTIGATION 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
A. Balogh M. W. Dunlop S. W. H. Cowley D. J. Southwood J. G. Thomlinson K. H. Glassmeier G. Musmann H. LÜHR S. Buchert M. H. AcuÑA D. H. Fairfield J. A. Slavin W. Riedler K. Schwingenschuh M. G. Kivelson 《Space Science Reviews》1997,79(1-2):65-91
The Cluster mission provides a new opportunity to study plasma processes and structures in the near-Earth plasma environment. Four-point measurements of the magnetic field will enable the analysis of the three dimensional structure and dynamics of a range of phenomena which shape the macroscopic properties of the magnetosphere. Difference measurements of the magnetic field data will be combined to derive a range of parameters, such as the current density vector, wave vectors, and discontinuity normals and curvatures, using classical time series analysis techniques iteratively with physical models and simulation of the phenomena encountered along the Cluster orbit. The control and understanding of error sources which affect the four-point measurements are integral parts of the analysis techniques to be used. The flight instrumentation consists of two, tri-axial fluxgate magnetometers and an on-board data-processing unit on each spacecraft, built using a highly fault-tolerant architecture. High vector sample rates (up to 67 vectors s-1) at high resolution (up to 8 pT) are combined with on-board event detection software and a burst memory to capture the signature of a range of dynamic phenomena. Data-processing plans are designed to ensure rapid dissemination of magnetic-field data to underpin the collaborative analysis of magnetospheric phenomena encountered by Cluster. 相似文献