Evaluation of early Archean volcaniclastic and volcanic flow rocks as possible sites for carbonaceous fossil microbes

Sedimentary rocks have traditionally been the focus of the search for Archean microfossils; the Earth's oldest fossil bacteria are associated with carbonaceous matter in sedimentary cherts in greenstone belts in the eastern Pilbara block of Western Australia and Barberton greenstone belt of South Africa. Reports of possible fossils in a martian meteorite composed of igneous rock and the discovery of modern bacteria associated with basalts have stimulated a new look at Archean volcanic rocks as possible sites for fossil microbes. This study examines silicified volcaniclastic rocks, near-surface altered volcanic flow rocks, and associated stromatolite- like structures from the Archean Barberton greenstone belt to evaluate their potential for the preservation of carbonaceous fossils. Detrital carbonaceous particles are widely admixed with current-deposited debris. Carbonaceous matter is also present in altered volcanic flow rocks as sparse particles in silica veins that appear to be fed by overlying carbonaceous chert layers. Neither microfossils nor mat-like material was identified in the altered volcanic rocks or adjacent stromatolite-like structures. Ancient volcanic flow and volcaniclastic rocks are not promising sites for carbonaceous fossil preservation.     

The physics,biology, and environmental ethics of making mars habitable

The considerable evidence that Mars once had a wetter, more clement, environment motivates the search for past or present life on that planet. This evidence also suggests the possibility of restoring habitable conditions on Mars. While the total amounts of the key molecules--carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen--needed for creating a biosphere on Mars are unknown, estimates suggest that there may be enough in the subsurface. Super greenhouse gases, in particular, perfluorocarbons, are currently the most effective and practical way to warm Mars and thicken its atmosphere so that liquid water is stable on the surface. This process could take approximately 100 years. If enough carbon dioxide is frozen in the South Polar Cap and absorbed in the regolith, the resulting thick and warm carbon dioxide atmosphere could support many types of microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. If a planet-wide martian biosphere converted carbon dioxide into oxygen with an average efficiency equal to that for Earth's biosphere, it would take > 100,000 years to create Earth-like oxygen levels. Ethical issues associated with bringing life to Mars center on the possibility of indigenous martian life and the relative value of a planet with or without a global biosphere.     

双脉冲固体火箭发动机隔舱打开与破片运动过程模拟

相比传统固体火箭发动机,具有能量管理特性的双脉冲固体火箭发动机结构更为复杂,为了提高其工作可靠性,针对核心部件金属隔舱的破片运动过程开展了数值仿真与试验研究。首先基于LS-DYNA软件,分析中引入监测函数、逻辑开关函数和加载驱动函数,模拟燃气流对破片的连续作用力,计算得到了在不同时刻破片的空间分布规律、撞击点位置及发动机内部损伤情况,保证了破片运动过程的高保真还原。其次,为了验证仿真结果的准确性,进行了模拟二脉冲初始工况的热流试验,发现破片撞击位置及损伤程度的仿真结果与试验数据一致性较高,其中撞击位置的预示误差小于9%,试验结果充分验证了有限元模型的准确性。由此,建立了适用于双脉冲固体火箭发动机金属隔舱破片运动过程的分析模型,实现了破片撞击位置及损伤程度的高精度预示。     

某型工程车多功能检测仪的硬件设计

设计的检测仪用于检测某型工程车的电控系统,以51单片机作为中央处理单元,以MAX392多路选择器实现多路选通,以CPLD扩展外围接口,可较好地实现信号的采集、存储和信息显示等功能。检测仪还具有代用功能,在紧急情况下可代替原车电控系统进行工作。     

基于DMX512的彩屏墙控制系统设计

介绍LED彩屏控制系统中目前最常用的DMX512数字信号的格式、传输方式,及其在灯光控制系统中的应用,针对该系统在实际应用中所要达到的效果作相应的改进,使该系统具有稳定、连续、渐变的图像效果。     

液氧甲烷重复使用辅助动力系统方案与进展

航班化航天运输系统的应用需求日趋迫切,基于液氧/甲烷(LOX/LCH₄)发动机的可重复使用运载火箭成为国内外研究热点。面向某型运载火箭对一级返回辅助动力系统的需求,提出了基于电动泵的主辅一体化液氧甲烷系统方案和独立挤压式液氧甲烷系统方案,开展了方案比选和应用优势分析,并介绍了液氧甲烷轨姿控发动机和低温表面张力贮箱的研究基础,以及国内首款液氧甲烷轨姿控推进系统集成演示试验情况。液氧甲烷辅助动力系统可以实现全箭推进剂的统一和无毒化,助力运载火箭走向高效及完全可重复使用。选择切实可行的“分步走”策略,优先开展挤压式液氧甲烷辅助动力系统的工程化研制与飞行应用,逐步实现基于电动泵的主辅一体化液氧甲烷辅助动力系统在重复使用运载火箭和低温上面级等领域应用。     

通信拓扑切换下的多飞行器协同拦截方法

针对通信拓扑切换条件下的多飞行器协同拦截问题,提出了一种基于扩张状态观测器的协同制导方法。建立协同制导设计模型,将协同拦截问题转换为视线稳定条件下的剩余飞行时间调节问题。为解决机动目标状态不确定的问题,将目标的状态视作扰动,设计扩张状态观测器来估计机动目标的状态,并在制导律中对目标的机动进行补偿。利用有限时间一致性理论进行一致性控制协议的设计,实现各飞行器剩余飞行时间的有限时间一致,并利用Lyapunov稳定性理论分析通信拓扑切换情况下闭环系统的有限时间稳定性,给出了系统一致收敛时间。仿真结果表明,在通信拓扑变换的情况下,设计的观测器能够有效估计目标状态,且协同制导律能够满足对剩余飞行时间的控制要求,进而实现协同拦截。     

实时精确跟踪瞄准中振动抑制的研究

分析了卫星平台振动,建立了实时精确跟踪瞄准系统的数学模型.采用基于模糊规则的免疫PID控制器,包括决定应答速度的激活环节和决定稳定效果的抑制环节,抑制环节由模糊规则来逼近,通过遗传算法的寻优特性对控制器的参数进行设定,协调控制偏转镜的位置,从而改变视轴方向.最后,对系统扰动抑制性能进行仿真,仿真结果表明该控制律有效地实现了视轴的方向调整,并且提高了系统的动态响应品质.      

异构多导弹系统自适应分布式协同制导

针对异构多导弹系统的分布式协同制导问题,在传统比例导引律的基础上设计出一类领航跟随分布式协同制导律。运用代数图论、分布式网络同步原理以及非线性系统一致性理论,领弹采用基于固定系数的比例导引律,从弹采用基于可变系数的参数自适应比例导引律。该领航-跟随分布式自适应协同制导律可使领弹和从弹实现对目标的同时攻击,且各相邻导弹间仅传输各自的可测状态信息,算法具有较低的通信代价和较好的可扩展性。最后给出了相关数值仿真算例,仿真结果验证了控制算法的有效性。     

伺服反馈位移传感器的现状及发展趋势

反馈位移传感器是伺服机构系统的重要组成部分,在航天型号的研制中发挥着重要作用。对目前伺服机构系统配套反馈位移传感器的功能原理、特点及应用情况进行了介绍,并对其它类型的位移传感器的性能特点进行了分析,探讨了其用于航天伺服机构系统的可行性。同时,对伺服反馈位移传感器的发展趋势进行了展望。