微型加工的硅加速度计B—290

加速度计Ｂ－２９０是应用在姿态与航向基准系统中新一代的惯性级敏感器。Ｂ－２９０敏感器是用微机械加工方法进行设计和生产的，它应用平板印刷术，化学汽化沉积法，异向性刨刻法、金属溅蚀法硅－硅粘接法。所用的主要设备和电子芯片的生产相类似。它包括粘接在一起的五个硅板，整个处理过程是在一个晶片组件上加工１４０个敏感器。     

Aqueous corrosion of phosphide minerals from iron meteorites: a highly reactive source of prebiotic phosphorus on the surface of the early Earth

We present the results of an experimental study of aqueous corrosion of Fe-phosphide under conditions relevant to the early Earth. The results strongly suggest that iron meteorites were an important source of reactive phosphorus (P), a requirement for the formation of P-based life. We further demonstrate that iron meteorites were an abundant source of phosphide minerals early in Earth history. Phosphide corrosion was studied in five different solutions: deionized water, deionized water buffered with sodium bicarbonate, deionized water with dissolved magnesium and calcium chlorides, deionized water containing ethanol and acetic acid, and deionized water containing the chlorides, ethanol, and acetic acid. Experiments were performed in the presence of both air and pure Ar gas to evaluate the effect of atmospheric chemistry. Phosphide corrosion in deionized water results in a metastable mixture of mixed-valence, P-bearing ions including pyrophosphate and triphosphate, key components for metabolism in modern life. In a pH-buffered solution of NaHCO(3), the condensed and reduced species diphosphonate is an abundant corrosion product. Corrosion in ethanol- and acetic acid-containing solutions yields additional P-bearing organic molecules, including acetyl phosphonate and a cyclic triphosphorus molecule. Phosphonate is a major corrosion product of all experiments and is the only P-bearing molecule that persists in solutions with high concentrations of magnesium and calcium chlorides, which suggests that phosphonate may have been a primitive oceanic source of P. The stability and reactivity of phosphonate and hypophosphite in solution were investigated to elucidate reaction mechanisms and the role of mineral catalysts on P-solution chemistry. Phosphonate oxidation is rapid in the presence of Fe metal but negligible in the presence of magnetite and in the control sample. The rate of hypophosphite oxidation is independent of reaction substrate.     

A sulfur-based survival strategy for putative phototrophic life in the venusian atmosphere

Several observations indicate that the cloud deck of the venusian atmosphere may provide a plausible refuge for microbial life. Having originated in a hot proto-ocean or been brought in by meteorites from Earth (or Mars), early life on Venus could have adapted to a dry, acidic atmospheric niche as the warming planet lost its oceans. The greatest obstacle for the survival of any organism in this niche may be high doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here we make the argument that such an organism may utilize sulfur allotropes present in the venusian atmosphere, particularly S(8), as a UV sunscreen, as an energy-converting pigment, or as a means for converting UV light to lower frequencies that can be used for photosynthesis. Thus, life could exist today in the clouds of Venus.     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

Spatial orientation during locomotion [correction of locomation] following space flight

To investigate changes in spatial orientation ability and walking performance following space flight, 7 astronaut subjects were asked pre- and post-flight to perform a goal directed locomotion paradigm which consisted of walking a triangular path with and without vision. This new paradigm, involving inputs from different sensory systems, allows quantification of several critical parameters, like orientation performance, walking velocities and postural stability, in a natural walking task. The paper presented here mainly focusses on spatial orientation performance quantified by the errors in walking the previously seen path without vision. Errors in length and reaching the corners did not change significantly from pre- to post-flight, while absolute angular errors slightly increased post-flight. The significant decrease in walking velocity and a change in head-trunk coordination while walking around the corners of the path observed post-flight may suggest that during re-adaptation to gravity the mechanisms which are necessary to perform the task have to be re-accomplished.     

Modeling and Control for Magnetostrictive Hysteresis

To deal with the rate-dependent hysteresis presented in a magnetostrictive actuator, a new method of modeling and control is pro-posed. The relationship between inputs and outputs of the actuator is approximately described by a dynamic differential equation with two rate-dependent coefficients, each expressed as a polynomial of frequency. For a given frequency, the coefficients will be able to be estimated by approximating the experimental data of the outputs of the magnetostrictive actuator. Based on this model, a quasi-PID con-troller is designed. In the space of the coefficients and frequency, the stable domain of closed loop system with hysteresis is analyzed. The numerical simulation and experiments have born witness to the feasibility of the proposed new method.     

基于分布式星群的全相参雷达低副瓣波束形成设计方法

不同于地面稀布阵相参阵列雷达,分布式星群平台具有高速运动特性,相应地全相参合成效率受限于星间的空时频同步误差、波束指向误差等系统误差约束。提出了一种基于分布式星群的全相参雷达低副瓣波束形成设计方法。首先,从星群系统规模、星间安全距离、远场条件、探测链路等因素入手推导了有效探测距离区间。接着,给出了同步误差、波束指向误差以及卫星高速运动特性对全相参合成效率的定量影响评估方法。最后,利用空时频多维联合方法实现了低副瓣稳健波束形成,可有效增加无模糊视场范围,适用于实际星群规模有限的应用场景。仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

某型涡扇发动机地面起动试验研究

本文基于某型涡扇发动机地面试验情况,分析讨论了地面起动这一动态过程中主要参数的变化情况及原因,并结合试验数据,利用简单三段积分法计算了某型起动机特性,为地面起动控制规律和起动机设计计算提供了一定的参考依据。     

地基雷达探测中的空间碎片微弱信号检测技术概况

空间碎片的日益增多。已对航天活动构成严峻威胁。空间碎片的精确监测是对航天员和飞行器实施安全防护的重要前提,也对空间微小碎片探测能力提出了更高要求。文章对国外地基雷达探测空间碎片现状,以及对在雷达微弱信号检测技术方面比较常用的以信号处理为基础的长时间积累检测技术和基于时频分析的雷达微弱信号检测技术研究现状进行了综述。