多量程AC／DC差值测量标准

本文叙述了一种AC/DC差值测量标准,它含有一个集成电路温度传感器。仪器的主要部分(SL851)使用频率为100Hz～1MHz,电压为600mV～200V。如果外配放大器或高压量程电阻器,量程可以扩展,其下限至200mV,上限至1000V。这种新标准提高了NBS的计量能力,在频率为100Hz～20kHz,电压为5～100V范围内测量的不确定度为10ppm。预期对于60V以下、频率100kHz以内的电压,SL851的AC/DC差值仅有几个ppm。与真空热电偶相比,它还具有调节时间短及输出电平为2V而不是几个毫伏的优点。同时也设计了用蓄电池供电的电源。文中简述了SL851仪器及高压量程电阻器、前置放大器和电源。也提出了对仪器结构应考虑的一些问题,叙述了测试装置,并对试验数掘进行了讨论。     

Gravity and perceptual stability during translational head movement on earth and in microgravity

We measured the amount of visual movement judged consistent with translational head movement under normal and microgravity conditions. Subjects wore a virtual reality helmet in which the ratio of the movement of the world to the movement of the head (visual gain) was variable. Using the method of adjustment under normal gravity 10 subjects adjusted the visual gain until the visual world appeared stable during head movements that were either parallel or orthogonal to gravity. Using the method of constant stimuli under normal gravity, seven subjects moved their heads and judged whether the virtual world appeared to move “with” or “against” their movement for several visual gains. One subject repeated the constant stimuli judgements in microgravity during parabolic flight. The accuracy of judgements appeared unaffected by the direction or absence of gravity. Only the variability appeared affected by the absence of gravity. These results are discussed in relation to discomfort during head movements in microgravity.     

线性关阀水击压力的预测及影响因素的分析

本文探讨了阀门线性关闭引起的最大压力水头问题。在研究中引入无因次变量可使初始阀门水头损失的细微影响显式化，并使其与管线摩阻水头损失的影响相互区别开。由无因次变量相关图可以看邮，因关阀引起的最大压力水头与初始管线摩阻水头损失、初始阀门水头损失、阀门固有流量特性及关阀时间有关。文中还讨论了最大压力水头变化的趋势，最后从水击的观点出发，以一个实例说明了相关图的应用情况。本文对阀门的选择和校验等具有指导意     

Human locomotion and workload for simulated lunar and Martian environments

Human locomotion in simulated lunar and Martian environments is investigated. A unique human-rated underwater treadmill and an adjustable ballasting harness simulate partial gravity in order to better understand how gravity determines the biomechanics and energetics of human locomotion. This study has two research aspects, biomechanics and energetics. The fundamental biomechanics measurements are continuously recorded vertical forces as exerted by subjects of the treadmill which is instrumented with a force platform. Experimental results indicate that peak vertical force and stride frequency decrease as the gravity level is reduced. Foot contact time is independent of gravity level. Oxygen uptake measurements, VO2, constitute the energetics, or workload, data for this study. As theory predicts, locomotion energy requirements for lunar (1/6-g) and Martian (3/8-g) gravity levels are significantly less than at 1-g. The observed variation in workload with gravity level is nonmonotonic, however, in over half the subject population. The hypothesis is offered that energy expenditure increases for lunar, as compared with Martian, locomotion due to the subject "wasting energy" for stability and posture control in simulated lunar gravity. Biomechanics data could influence advanced spacesuit design and planetary habitat design, while workload data will help define oxygen requirements for planetary life support systems.