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Andrea Kunder Elena Valenti Massimo Dall’Ora Pawel Pietrukowicz Chris Sneden Giuseppe Bono Vittorio F. Braga Ivan Ferraro Giuliana Fiorentino Giacinto Iannicola Marcella Marconi Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez Matteo Monelli Ilaria Musella Vincenzo Ripepi Maurizio Salaris Peter B. Stetson 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(5):90
Here we review the efforts of a number of recent results that use old tracers to understand the build up of the Galaxy. Details that lead directly to using these old tracers to measure distances are discussed. We concentrate on the following: (1) the structure and evolution of the Galactic bulge and inner Galaxy constrained from the dynamics of individual stars residing therein; (2) the spatial structure of the old Galactic bulge through photometric observations of RR Lyrae-type stars; (3) the three-dimensional structure, stellar density, mass, chemical composition, and age of the Milky Way bulge as traced by its old stellar populations; (4) an overview of RR Lyrae stars known in the ultra-faint dwarfs and their relation to the Galactic halo; and (5) different approaches for estimating absolute and relative cluster ages. 相似文献
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Rachael L. Beaton Giuseppe Bono Vittorio Francesco Braga Massimo Dall’Ora Giuliana Fiorentino In Sung Jang Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez Noriyuki Matsunaga Matteo Monelli Jillian R. Neeley Maurizio Salaris 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(8):113
Old-aged stellar distance indicators are present in all Galactic structures (halo, bulge, disk) and in galaxies of all Hubble types and, thus, are immensely powerful tools for understanding our Universe. Here we present a comprehensive review for three primary standard candles from Population II: (i) RR Lyrae type variables (RRL), (ii) type II Cepheid variables (T2C), and (iii) the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB). The discovery and use of these distance indicators is placed in historical context before describing their theoretical foundations and demonstrating their observational applications across multiple wavelengths. The methods used to establish the absolute scale for each standard candle is described with a discussion of the observational systematics. We conclude by looking forward to the suite of new observational facilities anticipated over the next decade; these have both a broader wavelength coverage and larger apertures than current facilities. We anticipate future advancements in our theoretical understanding and observational application of these stellar populations as they apply to the Galactic and extragalactic distance scale. 相似文献
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Mioara Mandea Richard Holme Alexandra Pais Katia Pinheiro Andrew Jackson Giuliana Verbanac 《Space Science Reviews》2010,155(1-4):147-175
The secular variation of the core field is generally characterized by smooth variations, sometimes interrupted by abrupt changes, named geomagnetic jerks. The origin of these events, observed and investigated for over three decades, is still not fully understood. Many fundamental features of geomagnetic jerks have been the subject of debate, including their origin internal or external to the Earth, their occurrence dates, their duration and their global or regional character. Specific tools have been developed to detect them in geomagnetic field or secular variation time series. Recently, their investigation has been advanced by the availability of a decade of high-quality satellite measurements. Moreover, advances in the modelling of the core field and its variations have brought new perspectives on the fluid motion at the top of the core, and opened new avenues in our search for the origin of geomagnetic jerks. Correlations have been proposed between geomagnetic jerks and some other geophysical observables, indicating the substantial interest in this topic in our scientific community. This paper summarizes the recent advances in our understanding and interpretation of geomagnetic jerks. 相似文献
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