遥科学初探

本文以两项有关遥科学的专门研究为基础,首先讨论了遥科学概念,提出一种普适的遥科学概念定义,和与这种定义相应的遥科学系统的一般工作原理、系统结构、发展趋势研究课题及开展遥科学研究的建议。     

Adaptation of neuromuscular activation patterns during treadmill walking after long-duration space flight

The precise neuromuscular control needed for optimal locomotion, particularly around heel strike and toe off, is known to he compromised after short duration (8- to 15-day) space flight. We hypothesized here that longer exposure to weightlessness would result in maladaptive neuromuscular activation during postflight treadmill walking. We also hypothesized that space flight would affect the ability of the sensory-motor control system to generate adaptive neuromuscular activation patterns in response to changes in visual target distance during postflight treadmill walking. Seven crewmembers, who completed 3- to 6-month missions, walked on a motorized treadmill while visually fixating on a target placed 30 cm (NEAR) or 2 m (FAR) from the subject's eyes. Electronic foot switch data and surface electromyography were collected from selected muscles of the right lower limb. Results indicate that the phasic features of neuromuscular activation were moderately affected and the relative amplitude of activity in the tibialis anterior and rectus femoris around toe off changed after space flight. Changes also were evident after space flight in how these muscles adapted to the shift in visual target distance.     

Simulation considers the human factors

Human factors aspects of flight simulation design at McDonnell Douglas are considered. Modeling approaches are examined and testing with pilots and cockpits is described.     

The use of in-flight foot pressure as a countermeasure to neuromuscular degradation

The purpose of this study was to determine whether applying foot pressure to unrestrained subjects during space flight could enhance the neuromuscular activation associated with rapid arm movements. Four men performed unilateral arm raises while wearing--or not wearing--specially designed boots during a 81- or 115-day space flight. Arm acceleration and surface EMG were obtained from selected lower limb and trunk muscles. Pearson r coefficients were used to evaluate similarity in phasic patterns between the two in-flight conditions. In-flight data also were magnitude normalized to the mean voltage value of the muscle activation waveforms obtained during the no-foot-pressure condition to facilitate comparison of activation amplitude between the two in-flight conditions. Foot pressure enhanced neuromuscular activation and somewhat modified the phasic features of the neuromuscular activation during the arm raises.     

天地分布智能化大系统分析

文章首先简要分析了经常引起发射和飞行事故的恶构问题，然后提出了天地分布智能化大系统概念，并讨论了智能化的主要方法，最后导出了一种天地分布智能化大系统结构模型，讨论了这种模型的优点及其发展的重要意义。