Metabolic assessments during extra-vehicular activity

Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) has a significant role during extended space flights. It demonstrates that humans can survive and perform useful work outside the Orbital Space Stations (OSS) while wearing protective space suits (SS). When the International Space Station 'Alpha' (ISSA) is fully operational, EVA assembly, installation, maintenance and repair operations will become an everyday repetitive work activity in space. It needs new ergonomic evaluation of the work/rest schedule for an increasing of the labor amount per EVA hour. The metabolism assessment is a helpful method to control the productivity of the EVA astronaut and to optimize the work/rest regime. Three following methods were used in Russia to estimate real-time metabolic rates during EVA: 1. Oxygen consumption, computed from the pressure drop in a high pressure bottle per unit time (with actual thermodynamic oxygen properties under high pressure and oxygen leakage taken into account). 2. Carbon dioxide production, computed from CO2 concentration at the contaminant control cartridge and gas flow rate in the life support subsystem closed loop (nominal mode) or gas leakage in the SS open loop (emergency mode). 3. Heat removal, computed from the difference between the temperatures of coolant water or gas and its flow rate in a unit of time (with assumed humidity and wet oxygen state taken into account). Comparison of heat removal values with metabolic rates enables us to determine the thermal balance during an operative medical control of EVA at "Salyut-6", "Salyut-7" and "Mir" OSS. Complex analysis of metabolism, body temperature and heat rate supports a differential diagnosis between emotional and thermal components of stress during EVA. It gives a prognosis of human homeostasis during EVA. Available information has been acquired into an EVA data base which is an effective tool for ergonomical optimization.     

Subatmospheric decompression: neurological and behavioural studies

Several studies in animals over the past decade have shown that prolonged exposures to pressures within the range 226 mm Hg to 160 mm Hg (30,000 to 37,500 ft) are likely to lead to brain damage. This often results in neurological and behavioural disturbance, which may be subtle and reversible or gross and ultimately fatal. The appearance of these impairments is often delayed until several hours or even days after exposure. Immediate survival does not necessarily ensure recovery. In contrast, decompression to pressures below 160 mm Hg or above 226 mm Hg are unlikely to have adverse effects if the exposure is survived. The most probable outcomes of such decompressions are death or uneventful recovery.     

基于并行CFD和优化技术的返回舱外形多目标优化设计北大核心CSCD

在给定的质心设计范围内,围绕球冠倒锥返回舱外形的高超声速气动单点静稳定性、配平升阻特性、质心横偏量的综合设计问题,提出了多点多目标优化设计数学模型。通过多目标优化设计方法结合并行数值模拟技术,对该多点多目标气动外形优化设计问题进行研究,为了加快多点数值计算进度,采用了嵌套并行方法,通过有效利用硬件资源来提高多个状态气动数值求解效率。根据以上方法给出的最优设计边界指出了返回舱单点静稳定性与配平升阻比和质心横偏量的矛盾关系,改善单点静稳定性会导致配平升阻比下降,使质心横偏量增加;反之,配平升阻比增加,质心横偏量减少都会使单点静稳定性变差。     

GH33A疲劳/蠕变交互作用下裂纹扩展特性研究

本文采用交流电位法研究了镍基高温合金GH33A在700℃、疲劳/蠕变交互作用下的裂纹扩展特性。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对断裂特征进行了分析。结果表明:疲劳/蠕变交互作用加速裂纹扩展,且dα/dN和⊿K在双对数坐标上呈折线规律变化,实验证明:弹塑性断裂力学参数C作为疲劳/蠕变交互作用下裂纹扩展判据是可行的,并建立了经验关系式。疲劳/蠕变交互作用促进裂纹沿晶扩展。主裂纹与W型微裂纹的连接和沿滑移面剪切型扩展是疲劳/蠕变交互作用的两种主要微观断裂机理。     

会计信息失真的原因及其治理

本文简要介绍会计信息的作用，会计信息失真的程度、表现及手段和会计信息失真的危害性，分析了会计信息失真的原因以及治理会计信息失真应采取的对策。     

纤维缠绕不等极孔椭球类容器的应力分析及优化

基于微分几何推导出了不等极孔椭球类容器纤维缠绕的非测地线稳定缠绕方程,并根据薄膜理 论、层合板理论、蔡-吴失效准则得到了赤道处纤维层的最小厚度1. 281 7 mm,计算出的纤维方向的应力小于 纤维的极限强度3. 92 GPa。发现纤维缠绕椭球容器的应力状态是赤道处最先发生破坏,且会出现局部失效现 象。以缠绕层最小质量M 为目标函数,蔡-吴失效准则为约束条件,在给定内压5 MPa 的情况下,得到了优化 后的容器质量为34. 072 kg。相比于等极孔的容器而言,非测地线缠绕具有高度非线性、不稳定性及精度难以 控制等问题。     

吸气式空空导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计

针对采用整体式固冲发动机的吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合的推阻匹配设计难题,引入多学科优化设计方法提出了一种综合考虑气动/推进/质量/弹道的导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计技术。其中,气动性能预测采用代理模型技术,主要基于外形参数化建模、非结构网格技术和流场精细数值计算来自动构建气动数据库,据此建立了包含外形几何信息的气动预测代理模型,并对其预测精度进行了验证;推进性能预测采用推进求解模型,该模型根据固冲发动机理论建立,精度满足工程要求。对所建立的学科预测模型完成一体化集成后,以质点弹道仿真评估的战技指标为优化目标,对一款吸气式空空导弹进气道和翼面外形进行了优化设计,取得了推阻匹配的优化外形,优化后导弹动力射程提高10%。所提出的一体化优化设计技术,有助于吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合推阻匹配设计和提高导弹动力射程。     

混合机种飞行员人体测量结果及其工效学意义

为探讨混合机种飞行员的人体参数随年代、地区及机种变化的趋势及程度,测量了656名混合机种飞行员的5~13项人体参数,并将所测数据与70年代数据进行了对比,不同地区之间、不同机种之间的数据也进行了对照分析.结果表明:13项参数中有12项参数值与70年代有非常显著性差异(p<0.01);全国不同地区间身高无显著性差异(p>0.05),不同地区间体重多数无显著性差异(p>0.05);歼强击机飞行员与非歼强击机飞行员的体重有显著性差异(p<0.05).由此可知,飞行员的体形已发生显著性变化,飞行设备及个人防护救生装备的设计不应再完全依据70年代的人体数据;应开展新的飞行员人体参数数据库和人体模型的建立工作;飞行员应坚持科学的锻炼并控制饮食以保持体形;不同地区招收飞行员时,应对其身高等形体条件进行统一要求.     

Data fusion algorithm based on state and attribute parameter

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基于高效数值方法的一种高超声速飞行器外形气动力/热综合优化设计研究

基于所发展的高效气动力/热快速预测方法,建立了适用于高超声速飞行器的综合考虑气动力与气动热特性的外形优化设计技术,并在一种高超声速飞行器外形设计中应用,通过优化设计改变了初始外形纵向静不稳定特性,优化后外形实现了纵向静稳定、大攻角自配平和非驻点表面最大热流下降的设计目标。所发展的方法为适应气动外形快速选型设计需求提供了有效的途径。