斜激波总压损失率极小值理论解与物理意义

以法向马赫数作为激波强度表征量,对斜激波关系式进行重新推导,得到了穿过激波总压损失率极小值的理论解。控制方程表达式为激波角对物面角的线性函数。依据斜激波总压损失率极小值解析公式,首先,绘制了针对超声速流总压损失率应用的楔形角-激波角-马赫数的斜激波效率图。其次,通过生成斜激波三维总压损失率等值线图,呈现了总压损失率在楔形角-激波角-特征马赫数空间上的分布规律。此外,利用斜激波效率图,揭示了等总压损失率条件下马赫数与激波角的对称双解现象。     

环月轨道一体式星敏感器热设计及仿真验证

文章提出了一种适用于环月轨道条件下的一体式星敏感器的复合热设计方案。一体式星敏感器自身热耗集中,在环月轨道条件下受太阳辐射和月球红外辐射共同影响,散热条件恶劣。利用热管、热控涂层、多层和电加热器等热控措施相结合的方法,解决了环月轨道条件下的一体式星敏感器的散热问题。通过仿真分析,星敏感器最高温度36.7℃,满足单机温度要求。     

高空低气压下电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性模拟实验

为研究高空低气压下飞行器表面电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性,以尖端导体电晕放电为研究对象,进行了低气压下电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性模拟实验,给出了辐射电场幅值与气压的关系表达式,并基于气体放电和电磁场理论总结了电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性随电压极性、气压以及测试距离的变化规律。结果表明:电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射电场时域波形呈衰减振荡形式,持续时间约为600 ns,首脉冲方向随电压极性的不同而不同,且辐射电场分量主要集中在与放电针相同的极化方向;辐射电场频谱主要分布在500 MHz以内,在35 MHz和170 MHz处出现稳定的波峰;在气压为4~30 kPa范围内,随着气压的降低,放电电磁脉冲辐射电场增强;随着测试距离的增加,电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射电场逐渐衰减。该研究结论可为低气压下飞行器电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性研究提供有益参考。     

波瓣数对波瓣S型混合二元喷管气动热力性能影响

依据某型涡扇发动机波瓣S型混合二元喷管,保持波瓣混合器长度、内扩张角、外扩张角以及宽高比不变,依次取波瓣混合器波瓣数为12,14,16,18,20,建立了一组具有不同波瓣数的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型.采用经过验证的CFD方法,研究了波瓣数对波瓣S型混合二元喷管气动热力性能的影响规律.结果表明:在波瓣尾缘截面至第1个S弯截面区域,波瓣数对流体混合程度产生很大影响,并且热混合效率近乎随波瓣数增加而增加.在第1个S弯截面至波瓣S型混合二元喷管出口截面区域,波瓣数为16的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型的总压恢复系数始终最低,其余模型的总压恢复系数以及热混合效率没有明显差别.在波瓣S型混合二元喷管出口截面上,波瓣数为16的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型的热混合效率最高,达到0.850,然而其总压恢复系数相对于该截面上最高值下降了0.289%.此外,波瓣S型混合二元喷管的渐缩型流道能够提高流向涡强迫混合效果,但同时也加速流向涡的耗散速率.      

反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题

获得航天器在轨飞行过程中的外热流数据对于研究热控涂层在轨退化规律、各种空间因素对热控产品的影响以及航天器姿轨控发动机羽流热效应都有非常重要的意义,然而直接测量热流存在很多困难,因此可以通过求解导热反问题得到满足一定精度的结果.首先,通过研究利用航天器设备在轨遥测温度值反演出航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题方法,建立了反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的数学模型,采用共轭梯度法求解导热反问题并从物理概念角度改进了共轭梯度法的迭代过程以增加其抗不适定性;然后构造了两组能够代表目前大多数地球轨道航天器以及深空探测航天器在轨吸收外热流变化的数值试验对共轭梯度法的反演效果进行了检验.除阶跃变化位置以外反演值与真实值的最大相对偏差为2.9%,反演效果非常好;对于阶跃变化位置的吸收外热流在对反演结果进行分析处理后也能够得到较好的反演结果.      

日盲紫外探测技术在空间预警中的应用

天基紫外预警是反弹道导弹武器的重要手段。文章从地球日盲紫外空间背景和导弹紫外辐射特性两方面进行分析,论证天基紫外空间预警系统可以获得较高的信噪比和信杂比,能够实现低虚警率的空间预警。同时提出了天基紫外空间预警系统可能的3种工作体制：单一基于紫外波段的天基预警系统存在发现目标较晚的问题;紫外—红外双波段天基预警系统可以实现更低的空间预警虚警率;红外—紫外光谱复合天基预警系统可通过紫外光谱观测辨别导弹种类。最后,文章对现有紫外探测技术进行分析,论证了AlGaN和SiC探测器用于天基紫外预警的可行性,并对其工作模式进行了分析。     

Space Life Science of China in 2013

In the past two years, space life science research in China is characterized by a wide area of basic researches for providing foundation for the future China Space Station. The effect of microgravity and radiation was further studied from physiology phenomena to the level of bio-molecule mechanisms. Chinese space life science is maturing in a new era of comprehensive development. Here, we review and summarize researches on space life sciences which were contributed by Chinese scientists.      

Thick galactic cosmic radiation shielding using atmospheric data

NASA is concerned with protecting astronauts from the effects of galactic cosmic radiation and has expended substantial effort in the development of computer models to predict the shielding obtained from various materials. However, these models were only developed for shields up to about 120 g/cm² in mass thickness and have predicted that shields of this mass thickness are insufficient to provide adequate protection for extended deep space flights. Consequently, effort is underway to extend the range of these models to thicker shields and experimental data is required to help confirm the resulting code. In this paper empirically obtained effective dose measurements from aircraft flights in the atmosphere are used to obtain the radiation shielding function of the Earth's atmosphere, a very thick, i.e. high mass, shield. Obtaining this result required solving an inverse problem and the method for solving it is presented. The results are shown to be in agreement with current code in the ranges where they overlap. These results are then checked and used to predict the radiation dosage under thick shields such as planetary regolith and the atmosphere of Venus.     

Analytical-HZETRN model for rapid assessment of active magnetic radiation shielding

The use of active radiation shielding designs has the potential to reduce the radiation exposure received by astronauts on deep-space missions at a significantly lower mass penalty than designs utilizing only passive shielding. Unfortunately, the determination of the radiation exposure inside these shielded environments often involves lengthy and computationally intensive Monte Carlo analysis. In order to evaluate the large trade space of design parameters associated with a magnetic radiation shield design, an analytical model was developed for the determination of flux inside a solenoid magnetic field due to the Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) radiation environment. This analytical model was then coupled with NASA’s radiation transport code, HZETRN, to account for the effects of passive/structural shielding mass. The resulting model can rapidly obtain results for a given configuration and can therefore be used to analyze an entire trade space of potential variables in less time than is required for even a single Monte Carlo run. Analyzing this trade space for a solenoid magnetic shield design indicates that active shield bending powers greater than ∼15 Tm and passive/structural shielding thicknesses greater than 40 g/cm² have a limited impact on reducing dose equivalent values. Also, it is shown that higher magnetic field strengths are more effective than thicker magnetic fields at reducing dose equivalent.     

典型卫星轨道的位移损伤剂量计算与分析

位移损伤剂量是评估电子元器件在轨发生位移损伤导致性能退化的重要参数。文章首先给出了位移损伤剂量的等效原理和计算方法,即用位移损伤等效注量来表征卫星轨道带电粒子导致的位移损伤剂量;之后分别采用3种不同的太阳质子注量模型,计算了典型大椭圆轨道的位移损伤等效注量,并结合计算结果对不同模型的特点和适用性进行了分析;其后针对4种典型卫星轨道,计算了不同飞行寿命期内的位移损伤等效注量,发现不同轨道的位移损伤剂量有较大差异,并结合空间带电粒子辐射环境分布特点及卫星轨道参数等分析了差异的产生原因;最后,分析不同的太阳质子注量预估方法对位移损伤剂量计算结果的影响,总结了不同轨道、不同飞行寿命情况下卫星经受的带电粒子辐射环境的严酷程度。研究结果可为卫星内部元器件位移损伤效应防护工作提供参考。