基于极化时频分布的改进DOA估计算法

针对雷达回波信号波达方向估计精度差和时频分析方法运算量大的问题,以极化敏感阵列为模型,结合时频分析方法,充分利用回波信号的空域、时频域和极化域信息,对雷达回波信号进行更准确的估计,并简化其计算量。分析基于空间极化时频分布的多重信号分类(MUSIC)和旋转不变子空间(ESPRIT)算法,并结合两者的优缺点提出了一种改进算法。改进算法用极化时频ESPRIT算法对来波信号确定大致的方位角,以每个方位角为中心确定一个小角度范围,在此范围内用MUSIC算法进行谱峰搜索,得到较准确的波达方向(DOA)估计值,在确保DOA估计精度的基础上节省大部分运算时间。仿真试验验证了该改进算法的有效性。     

“只得”和“不得不”的用法辨析

副词"只得"和"不得不"均表示动作行为的执行违背了行为人的意愿。但是两者的语义环境却是不同的:前者是基于选择的多元化,而后者则是对外力强制下执行动作的将就[1]。因此它们在用法上也呈现出了一定的差异。     

Localization,Exploration, and Navigation Based on Qualitative Angle Information

Abstract

Three of the major problems in building autonomous mobile robots are localization, exploration, and navigation. This paper investigates how well different qualitative methods based on angle information, most of them originally invented for representation of spatial knowledge, are suited for addressing these problems. It combines results from discrete and computational geometry with methods from qualitative spatial reasoning, gaining some new insights on the complexity of robot navigation. It turns out that essentially only with panoramas (special roundviews) the qualitative localization problem can be solved in a satisfactory manner. The exploration problem (qualitative map building), remains difficult for all considered approaches.     

External Cue Effects on Memory for Spatial Location within a Rotated Task Field

Abstract

We propose a mathematical model of the Path Integration (PI) process. Its core assumption is that orientations of a path are summarized by circular probability distributions. We compare our model with classical, deterministic models of PI and find that, although they are indistinguishable in terms of information encoded, the probabilistic model is more parsimonious when considering navigation strategies. We show how sensory events can enrich the probability distributions memorized, resulting in a continuum of navigation strategies, from PI to stimulus-triggered response. We analyze the combination of circular probability distributions (e.g., multicue fusion), and demonstrate that, contrary to the linear case, adding orientation cues does not always increase reliability of estimates. We discuss experimental predictions entailed by our model.     

声爆近场空间压力风洞测量技术

针对暂冲式超声速风洞中的声爆试验，发展了近场空间压力精确测量技术，以航空工业空气动力研究院的FL-60风洞为例，开展了技术验证。FL-60风洞是一座典型的亚跨超三声速下吹式风洞，其试验马赫数范围为0.3~4.2，试验段尺寸为1.2 m×1.2 m，单车次试验时间通常为数十秒。根据暂冲式风洞试验时间短、耗气量大等特点，设计了无反射测压轨以代替传统的静压探针，大幅提高了声爆近场空间压力的测量效率。通过CFD技术对无反射测压轨的流动特性、模型安装位置以及风洞试验段中的波系进行了分析，验证了测压轨设计方案的可行性。采用Seeb-ALR低声爆标模和自行设计的带喷流的旋成体模型进行了验证性试验，采用参考车次方法和空间平均技术获得了高质量的数据，试验测量结果与CFD计算结果一致性较好，验证了声爆近场空间压力测量系统设计的合理性。     

Transformations and representations supporting spatial perspective taking

Spatial perspective taking is the ability to reason about spatial relations relative to another’s viewpoint. Here, we propose a mechanistic hypothesis that relates mental representations of one’s viewpoint to the transformations used for spatial perspective taking. We test this hypothesis using a novel behavioral paradigm that assays patterns of response time and variation in those patterns across people. The results support the hypothesis that people maintain a schematic representation of the space around their body, update that representation to take another’s perspective, and thereby to reason about the space around their body. This is a powerful computational mechanism that can support imitation, coordination of behavior, and observational learning.     

The Perception and Content of Cast Shadows: An Interdisciplinary Review

Abstract

Recently, psychologists have turned their attention to the study of cast shadows and demonstrated that the human perceptual system values information from shadows very highly in the perception of spatial qualities, sometimes to the detriment of other cues. However with some notable and recent exceptions, computer vision systems treat cast shadows not as signal but as noise. This paper provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the literature on cast shadow perception from across the cognitive sciences, including the theoretical information available, the perception of shadows in human and machine vision, and the ways in which shadows can be used.     

Learning Routes from Visualizations for Indoor Wayfinding: Presentation Modes and Individual Differences

Abstract

Participants (N = 78) studied a visualization of a route through a complex building and walked that route in the real building without further assistance. Erroneous turns on the route as well as indicators of uncertainty such as hesitations were assessed. Three types of route visualizations were compared: (1) an allocentric, map-based visualization with the route indicated in floor maps, (2) an ordered sequence of pictures of decision points shown from the egocentric perspective, and (3) an animation showing a virtual walk of the route from the egocentric perspective. In addition to the experimental variation, gender differences, differences in visual-spatial abilities and differences in self-reported wayfinding strategies were considered as predictor variables. Wayfinding performance did not differ between allocentric (map) and egocentric (decision point pictures and animation) visualizations. However, wayfinding performance was better with animated than with static egocentric visualizations. Individual differences in the ability to encode visual-spatial information from the visualization played a critical role for route learning. Self-reported sense of direction related to egocentric wayfinding strategies also predicted wayfinding performance. Gender differences were attributable to differences in visual-spatial abilities and egocentric wayfinding strategies. Interactions between visualizations and individual differences were not found. It is concluded that animations of virtual walks are suitable to convey route information in complex buildings. Successful acquisition of route knowledge from maps is possible but might depend on the comprehensibility of the structure of the building.     

Spatial Metaphors of Web Use

When the web became popular, people had to develop ways to talk and think about it. In the mid-1990s, we analyzed spatial language in “web talk.” We found that people described pages as places, and search as motion, both passive and active motion. Here we investigate web talk nearly two decades later. Our analysis reveals that some spatial language has stayed the same, and some has changed. Of special interest is how far fewer motion verbs are used nowadays. We argue that people naturally produce spatial metaphors when talking about new technological domains, and that over time, the most useful elements persist.     

空间前方交会法及其在测试技术中的应用

分析了空间前方交会法的基本原理，建立了相关的理论模型，并在实验室的条件下严格测试了这种方法的测量精度；探讨了空间前方交会法在位置检测系统的测试过程中应用，详细地给出了测试的步骤以及测试数据的分析处理结果。