The Perception and Content of Cast Shadows: An Interdisciplinary Review

Abstract

Recently, psychologists have turned their attention to the study of cast shadows and demonstrated that the human perceptual system values information from shadows very highly in the perception of spatial qualities, sometimes to the detriment of other cues. However with some notable and recent exceptions, computer vision systems treat cast shadows not as signal but as noise. This paper provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the literature on cast shadow perception from across the cognitive sciences, including the theoretical information available, the perception of shadows in human and machine vision, and the ways in which shadows can be used.     

基于极化时频分布的改进DOA估计算法

针对雷达回波信号波达方向估计精度差和时频分析方法运算量大的问题,以极化敏感阵列为模型,结合时频分析方法,充分利用回波信号的空域、时频域和极化域信息,对雷达回波信号进行更准确的估计,并简化其计算量。分析基于空间极化时频分布的多重信号分类(MUSIC)和旋转不变子空间(ESPRIT)算法,并结合两者的优缺点提出了一种改进算法。改进算法用极化时频ESPRIT算法对来波信号确定大致的方位角,以每个方位角为中心确定一个小角度范围,在此范围内用MUSIC算法进行谱峰搜索,得到较准确的波达方向(DOA)估计值,在确保DOA估计精度的基础上节省大部分运算时间。仿真试验验证了该改进算法的有效性。     

局部空间-时间显著性的表达过程蕴涵对空间显著性的表达

建立的基于独立成分分析进行特征提取器的学习,进而模拟人类对视觉信息的局部空间-时间显著性的表达过程的计算模型,蕴涵了对局部空间显著性的有效表达;从而当据其设计为机器人主动视觉的注意机制的视线控制而用的算法,可以同一个处理过程适用于动态场景或静态场景的情形。对获自动态场景的特征提取器的频率特性的分析,揭示了此种内在的包含性的成因;算法的实验结果显示了局部空间-时间显著性表达过程对静态场景的局部空间显著性可有效表达。     

Spatial updating and common misinterpretations of spatial reference frames

Spatial memory plays an important role in everyday life, and a large amount of research has been devoted to understanding spatial coding and reference frames across many areas. The popular research paradigms to study spatial reference frames include novel shortcut, perspective change, and landmark control tests. However, the growing research on spatial updating challenges the logical foundation of these classical paradigms, and suggests that the experimental findings using these paradigms have usually been misinterpreted. That is, performance in these tasks is generally unrelated to whether the spatial representations themselves are egocentric or allocentric. This article reviews the traditional paradigms and their logic, summarizes the theories of spatial updating, analyzes the logical flaws in these popular paradigms, and discusses their implications.     

Transformations and representations supporting spatial perspective taking

Spatial perspective taking is the ability to reason about spatial relations relative to another’s viewpoint. Here, we propose a mechanistic hypothesis that relates mental representations of one’s viewpoint to the transformations used for spatial perspective taking. We test this hypothesis using a novel behavioral paradigm that assays patterns of response time and variation in those patterns across people. The results support the hypothesis that people maintain a schematic representation of the space around their body, update that representation to take another’s perspective, and thereby to reason about the space around their body. This is a powerful computational mechanism that can support imitation, coordination of behavior, and observational learning.     

Relation algebras over containers and surfaces: An ontological study of a room space

Recent research in geographic information systems hasbeen concerned with the construction of algebras tomake inferences about spatial relations by embeddingspatial relations within a space in which decisionsabout compositions are derived geometrically. Wepursue an alternative approach by studying spatialrelations and their inferences in a concrete spatialscenario, a room space that contains such manipulableobjects as a box, a ball, a table, a sheet of paper,and a pen. We derive from the observed spatialproperties an algebra related to the fundamentalspatial concepts of containers and surfaces and showthat this container-surface algebra holds allproperties of Tarski's relation algebra, except forthe associativity. The crispness of the compositionscan be refined by considering the relative size of theobjects) and their roles (i.e., whether it isexplicitly known that the objects are containers orsurfaces).     

大入射余角海杂波相关特性分析及幅度拟合

对入射余角44°到74°的海杂波实测数据进行时间相关性、空间相关性分析,并提出了一种新的海杂波幅度拟合混合分布。实验表明,海杂波相关时间维持在毫秒量级,且随着入射余角增加,先增加后减小,时间相关性最强的入射余角在60°左右,而平均相关距离单元个数一直增加。通过KK分布、Rayleigh分布与K分布的对比,表明新的混合分布对大入射余角海杂波的拖尾特性具有良好的拟合效果。     

空间伸展臂热应变与热变形光纤监测技术

针对空间伸展臂在热载荷作用下承载特性与形态变化的监测需求,提出了一种基于分布式光纤传感器的伸展臂结构温度、热应变以及热变形集成监测技术。借助ANSYS Workbench有限元分析软件,构建了单端热载荷作用下铝合金空间伸展臂结构热-力模型,分别得到不同局部热载荷下伸展臂轴向温度、热应变以及热变形分布与变化规律。在此基础上,提出了基于有限元分析与热传导理论的两类伸展臂轴向热变形计算方法。构建了分布式光纤传感监测系统,实时监测伸展臂若干关键位置的温度值与应变值,进而反演出结构轴向温度场、应变场连续变化信息。研究表明:采用有限元拟合法与热传导解析法计算所得伸展臂轴向热变形误差分别为5.256%与3.556%。相关成果能够为未来航天器在轨服役状态监测与辨识提供技术支撑。     

运载火箭整流罩内声场空间相关特性研究

运载火箭起飞段发动机喷流经过导流槽、发射台产生的噪声载荷会对地面发射设备造成一定的破坏,由噪声引发的振动对于运载火箭自身也会造成严重影响。总声压级、声功率谱密度及空间相关系数3个参数可描述完整的噪声场,但空间相关系数关注很少。由于空间相关特性的差异,同一声压级不同性质的噪声场在结构上产生的振动响应不同。从噪声场空间相关的基础理论出发,给出了空间相关理论曲线,研究了混响室空间相关特性;以某型号运载火箭整流罩为研究对象,开展星箭系统级噪声试验,获取了运载火箭表面声场分布规律,并基于试验数据研究了空间相关归一化表征方法,对比分析了混响室和整流罩内声场特性,结果表明整流罩内声场与混响声场空间相关特性接近,为运载火箭载荷与环境设计提供输入,为整流罩及有效载荷噪声环境试验方案设计提供支持。