Assessing the Impact Risk of Orbital Debris on Space Tethers

Tethers are being proposed for a growing number of space applications. However, they may be particularly vulnerable to orbital debris and meteoroid impacts. In order to provide useful reference data for tether systems design, detailed analytical and numerical computations were carried out to assess the average impact rate of artificial debris and meteoroids. The specific geometric properties of tethers as debris targets, when compared to typical satellites, are discussed, and the results obtained are presented in tabular form, as a function of debris size and tether diameter.The computations were carried out for six circular orbits, spanning three altitudes (600, 800 and 1000km) and two inclinations (30° and 50°). Tether diameters in between 1mm and 2cm and debris larger than 0.1mm were considered in the analysis. The collision risk of tethers with spacecraft and upper stages in orbit was estimated as well.In the debris interval and orbital regimes considered, artificial debris represent the dominant contributor to the impact rate. At 600km and in the 0.1–10mm size range, the meteoroid and orbital debris impact rates are still comparable; however, at higher altitudes and in the 1–10cm size range, meteoroids contribute 20–30 times less to the collision probability.The results obtained confirm that for single-strand tethers in low Earth orbit the probability to be severed by orbital debris and meteoroid impacts is quite significant, making necessary the adoption of innovative designs for long duration missions.     

A Space Debris Primer for Astronomers

In this journal, 'space debris' usually carries implications of aerospace activities, but it was not always thus. Humankind has been concerned with sky debris (often not knowing it was that) since eyes were turned skyward. Before space exploration began, astronomers specialized in comet tails, asteroids, meteorites, aurorae and zodiacal light. It was inevitable that they stay near the forefront of the new space technologies, even before Explorer I explained the aurorae. Now, the emphasis is on manmade debris, for the simple reason that an astronomical experiment proved that to be the preponderant component of the total debris environment. We present here a review survey of the total near-Earth debris complex, artificial and cosmic. Our goal is three-fold: (1) To detail to both astronomers and spaceflight specialists the long and heavy astronomical activity, (2) to give an overview of what has been and is being done, and (3) to suggest some possible directions for the future.     

电子商务及其安全问题探析

电子商务发展的核心和关键问题是交易的安全性,这是网上交易的基础,也是电子商务技术的难点所在。分析电子商务安全威胁的根源所在,提出从技术、管理、法律等各方面去认识、寻找解决电子商务安全问题的思路。     

文献《Atlas V Development—Overview of Dynamics Testing》点评

文章对《Atlas V运载火箭的研发——动力学试验概况》一文的技术内容进行了较全面的阐述,对Atlas V研制过程中所涉及的降低发射风险的系统工程方法,减少起飞振动方面的技术工作、声载荷及声环境的试验验证方法,模态和刚度试验技术及动力学试验计划纲要等动力学环境试验内容与特点进行了较为详细的分析与点评,并在此基础上提出了利用混响室激励方法开展全尺寸运载火箭模态试验的建议。     

供应链质量风险特征研究

简要分析了供应链质量风险的研究现状,提出了供应链质量风险的基本定义,划分了供应链质量风险的3种形态,讨论了供应链质量风险的主要特征,展望了供应链质量风险研究的发展方向。     

建筑施工企业的风险管理及防范措施

工程风险贯穿于工程建设的全过程之中,工程风险的防范是一项全员全过程的工作.从建筑工程的招投标角度,阐述了建筑工程项目风险的特点和目前建筑施工企业风险管理的现状,分析了建筑施工企业在资金、成本、管理等方面存在的风险,提出了风险防范的一般方式以及防范措施.     

我国高校财务预警的应用现状及管理问题探析

近些年,随着高校招生规模的扩大、投资的增加、负债经营风险和校办产业风险的加大,这些新问题对高校总体财务状况的影响越来越大。本文从介绍财务预警的内涵入手,对我国高校财务预警的应用现状进行分析,指出其存在的一些问题,进而提出相应的解决途径。     

卫星空间辐射效应及防护技术飞行试验初步设想

文章分析了国内外卫星空间辐射效应飞行试验的现状和发展趋势,根据我国卫星空间辐射效应及防护技术的具体情况,对卫星空间辐射效应及防护技术空间飞行试验的开展提出了建议。     

成败型产品的Bayes可靠性验证试验设计

分析了成败型产品的可靠性统计验证试验设计的需求、约束条件.对成败型产品成功概率的假设检验,综合考虑弃真和采伪的风险损失以及可靠性试验的成本,建立了基于试验损失的可靠性试验设计模型(RTDMTL).由Bayes方法,对于给定的样本量,运用0-1损失函数,按照验后期望损失最小的原则,推导出了最大可接受数的计算方法.根据平均风险准则,给出了弃真和采伪两类风险的计算公式.对于RTDMTL的求解,给出了基于Matlab软件的最优试验方案数值算法的求解步骤.最后通过示例验证了该方法的有效性.      

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的航空发动机故障风险预测

针对航空发动机结构复杂、故障模式多样,传统故障风险预测方法难以实现的现状,基于蒙特卡罗模拟技术,给出了航空发动机故障风险预测方法,用于评估发动机各个部件在未来发生故障的可能性.针对航空发动机故障数据的特点,以威布尔分布建立故障概率模型,利用中位秩回归参数法,估计威布尔分布参数.利用乘同余组合发生器与反变换法相结合的方式产生满足威布尔分布的随机数.在单故障模式风险预测的基础上,给出了多种故障模式并存的航空发动机风险预测方法,并且给出了蒙特卡罗模拟步骤和算法,针对实例,对比发动机厂商提供的预测数据,验证了算法的有效性与蒙特卡罗模拟方法在航空发动机故障风险预测中的可用性.