Europa planetary protection for Juno Jupiter Orbiter

NASA’s Juno mission launched in 2011 and will explore Jupiter and its near environment starting in 2016. Planetary protection requirements for avoiding the contamination of Europa have been taken into account in the Juno mission design. In particular Juno’s polar orbit, which enables scientific investigations of parts of Jupiter’s environment never before visited, also greatly assist avoiding close flybys of Europa and the other Galilean satellites.     

纳米孔材料中辐射热传递的改进——扩散近似法计算

用可燃的烧蚀材料作为主动的承热层,用不可燃的多孔材料作为被动的隔热层,是当今一次性使用航天器最普通的一种热防护形式,然而对可重复使用的航天器来说,这种防热结构显然不适用.但是如果把烧蚀层改为金属薄壁或多层金属热防护系统,在不增加很多质量的情况下,能保证航天器主结构在允许的温度范围,则可能是一种很好的设计.在此情况下,隔...     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

机场道面改造工程对环境的影响分析

建筑工程在建设环境的同时也在破坏环境。本文从生态、噪声、废水、灰尘及固体废物等方面分析机场道面改造工程带给当地环境的影响,并根据分析结果提出相应的环境保护措施,为今后的机场建设工程减少环境污染提供参考。     

用于卫星入轨段测控的箭载天基测控中继系统

为满足卫星入轨段关键遥测参数下传和遥控指令上传的需求,设计了一种用于卫星入轨段测控的中继系统,方案主要基于火箭现成天基测控终端和卫星现成测控设备。介绍了中继系统的组成、工作原理和工作流程,研究了天基测控相控阵天线波束指向算法,设计了一种卫星遥测、遥控信号中继功能的地面测试系统。该箭载中继系统在快舟一号甲火箭上完成了两次飞行试验验证,两次飞行试验中继转发的卫星遥测数据完整,箭载卫星通信终端接收用户卫星遥测数据的载噪比大于20dB;地面测控中心接收天基遥测返向信号比特信噪比相对接收门限有3dB以上的余量。试验表明,该箭载天基测控中继系统通信链路余量充足,工作可靠,相比通过地面测控资源保障或卫星自身使用天基测控可节省一半以上成本。     

飞机雷电防护设计与鉴定试验

飞机遭受雷击后产生强大的雷电流,它严重的威胁飞行的安全.本文分析了雷电造成的危害,并论述了飞机结构设计应为雷电流提供低阻抗的通路.对雷击放电敏感的部位和部件,必须根据自身的重要性采取适当的雷电防护措施,以尽可能减少雷电对飞机的损害.最后介绍了为确保雷电防护措施的可靠性而进行的验证试验方法.     

提高同位素测量航空燃油密度精度的方法研究

在介绍利用同位素放射性原理测量航空燃油密度的机理及测量系统构成的基础上,针对测量中出现的同位素射线初始强度发生波动对测量结果造成干扰的现象,提出了2种解决方法(测量结果修正方法和双探测器差动测量方法),并从原理上论述了利用这2种方法提高同位素航空燃油测量系统抗干扰性能和测量精度的可行性.      

陕西省县域经济发展浅探

党的十六大提出"壮大县域经济"以来,县域经济作为社会经济一种新的发展模式已受到社会各界越来越多的关注.发展壮大县域经济,增强县城经济活力和竞争力,也是陕西省目前经济发展的重要任务之一.通过对陕西省县域经济现状的阐述,指出了存在的问题,提出了强化特色意识、环境意识、开放意识和推进"三化"进程等发展壮大陕西省县域经济的建议和措施.     

Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

Interstellar planetary protection

In the coming decades the detection of Earth-like extrasolar planets, either apparently lifeless or exhibiting spectral signatures of life, will encourage design studies for craft to visit them. These missions will require the elaboration of an interstellar planetary protection protocol. Given a specific dose required to sterilize microorganisms on a spacecraft, a critical mean velocity can be determined below which a craft becomes self-sterilizing. This velocity is calculated to be below velocities previously projected for interstellar missions, suggesting that an active sterilization protocol prior to launch might be required. Given uncertainties in the surface conditions of a destination extrasolar planet, particularly at microscopic scales, the potential for unknown biochemistries and biologies elsewhere, or the possible inoculation of a lifeless planet that is habitable, then both lander and orbiter interstellar missions should be completely free of all viable organisms, necessitating a planetary protection approach applied to orbiters and landers bound for star systems with unknown local conditions for habitability. I discuss the case of existing craft on interstellar trajectories – Pioneer 10, 11 and Voyager 1 and 2.