Experimental investigation of transient thermal behavior of an airship under different solar radiation and airflow conditions

Knowledge of the thermal behavior of airships is crucial to the development of airship technology. An experiment apparatus is constructed to investigate the thermal response characteristics of airships, and the transient temperature distributions of both hull and inner gas are obtained under the irradiation of a solar simulator and various airflow conditions. In the course of the research, the transient temperature change of the experimental airship is measured for four airflow speeds of 0 m/s (natural convection), 3.26 m/s, 5.5 m/s and 7.0 m/s, and two incident solar radiation values of 842.4 W/m² and 972.0 W/m². The results show that solar irradiation has significant influence on the airship hull and inner gas temperatures even if the airship stays in a ground airflow environment where the heat transfer is dominated by radiation and convection. The airflow around the airship is conducive to reduce the hull temperature and temperature nonuniformity. Transient thermal response of airships rapidly varies with time under solar radiation conditions and the hull temperature remains approximately constant in ∼5–10 min. Finally, a transient thermal model of airship is developed and the model is validated through comparison with the experimental data.     

Where does the heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays start?

The long outstanding question of where the heliospheric (solar) modulation of galactic cosmic rays actually begins, in terms of spatial position, as well as at what high kinetic energy, can now be answered. Both answers are possible by using the results of an advanced numerical model, together with appropriate observations. Voyager 1 has been exploring the outskirts of the heliosphere and is presently entering what can be called the very local interstellar medium. It has been generally expected, and accepted, that once the heliopause is crossed, the local interstellar spectrum (LIS) should be measured in situ by the Voyager spacecraft. However, we show that this may not be the case and that modulation effects on galactic cosmic rays can persist well beyond the heliopause. For example, proton observations at 100 MeV close to the heliopause can be lower by ∼$\sim$25% to 40% than the LIS, depending on solar modulation conditions. It is also illustrated quantitatively that significant solar modulation diminishes above ∼$\sim$50 GeV at Earth. It is found that cosmic ray observations above this energy contain less that 5%$5\%$ solar modulation effects and should therefore reflect the LIS for galactic cosmic rays. Input spectra, in other words the very LIS, for solar modulation models are now constrained by in situ observations and can therefore not any longer be treated arbitrarily. It is also possible for the first time to determine the lower limit of the very LIS from a few MeV/nuc to very high energies.     

Perspective on space radiation for space flights in 2020–2040

The Sun undergoes several well known periodicities in activity, such as the Schwabe 11 year cycle, the Gleissberg 80–90 year cycle, the Suess 200–210 year cycle and the Halstatt 2200–2300 year cycle. In addition, there is evidence that the 20th century levels of solar activity are unusually high. The years 2020–2040 are expected to coincide with increased activity in human space flight beyond low Earth orbit. The solar cycles and the present level of solar activity are reviewed and their activities during the years 2020–2040 are discussed with a perspective on space radiation and the future program of space flight. It is prudent to prepare for continuing levels of high solar activity as well as for the low levels of the current deep minimum, which has corresponded to high galactic cosmic ray flux.     

Space Shuttle drops down the SAA doses on ISS

Long-term analysis of data from two radiation detection instruments on the International Space Station (ISS) shows that the docking of the Space Shuttle drops down the measured dose rates in the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) by a factor of 1.5–3. Measurements either by the R3DE detector, which is outside the ISS at the EuTEF facility on the Columbus module behind a shielding of less than 0.45 g cm⁻², and by the three detectors of the Liulin-5 particle telescope, which is inside the Russian PEARS module in the spherical tissue equivalent phantom behind much heavier shielding demonstrate that effect. Simultaneously the estimated averaged incident energies of the incoming protons rise up from about 30 to 45 MeV. The effect is explained by the additional shielding against the SAA 30–150 MeV protons, provided by the 78 tons Shuttle to the instruments inside and outside of the ISS. An additional reason is the ISS attitude change (performed for the Shuttle docking) leading to decreasing of dose rates in two of Liulin-5 detectors because of the East–West proton fluxes asymmetry in SAA. The Galactic Cosmic Rays dose rates are practically not affected.     

基于空中对准过程的在线标定及优化设计

光纤陀螺惯组输出误差影响武器系统导航精度,为了弥补地面标定的不足,利用机载制导武器发射前空中对准过程进行光纤捷联系统在线标定.介绍了光纤捷联系统空中对准/在线标定系统模型,基于此设计卡尔曼滤波器;针对某机载航空制导炸弹工作过程进行了对准过程中误差激发与对导航精度影响的仿真分析,并基于此进行了滤波器优化设计;最后进行了优化设计前后导航精度仿真比较,仿真结果显示:完成空中对准/在线标定优化设计后,光纤捷联系统纯惯性导航精度得到提高.      

微射流强化混合对喷流红外辐射特性的影响

计算了微射流强化混合喷流在3~5μm波段的红外辐射特性,并与无微射流强化混合的喷流红外辐射特性进行了比较,分析了微射流强化混合对喷流红外辐射特性的影响.喷流的流场及温度场结果采用有限体积法求解N-S方程得到,采用Tam-Thies湍流模型模拟喷流.红外辐射特性的计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程得到.计算结果表明,在中等亚音速条件下,微射流可以达到较好的强化混合效果,射流流量占主流流量1%时,喷流的红外辐射强度比基准喷流的红外辐射强度降低15%左右,射流流量达到主流流量的3%时,喷流的红外辐射强度可以降低27%左右.     

高空气球热力学模型与上升过程仿真分析

基于对高空气球热力学环境的分析,建立了热力学与动力学耦合的高空气球动力学模型;并采用该模型对某高空气球的上升与驻留过程进行仿真分析.结果表明:高空气球上升过程中内部氦气存在"超冷"现象,其中平流层区域"超冷"明显,氦气平均温差为-19 K;由于"超冷",其上升速度曲线呈双"V"形变化;强太阳辐射与弱对流环境使驻留过程中氦气呈现"超热"现象,平衡时氦气平均温度比环境温度高39 K,球内氦气超压648.8 Pa.数值仿真的速度、平均温度变化规律与相关飞行试验数据相吻合,说明该仿真模型是有效的.      

脉冲射流强化混合对喷流红外辐射特性的影响

计算了脉冲射流强化混合喷流在3~5 μm波段的红外辐射特性,并与无脉冲激励喷流的红外辐射特性进行了比较,分析了脉冲射流强化混合对喷流红外隐身的效果.流场及温度场采用有限体积法和重整化群(RNG,Renormalization Group)k-ε湍流模型求解N-S方程得到.喷流的红外辐射强度采用有限体积法结合窄带模型求解吸收发射性介质辐射传输方程得到.计算结果显示,在亚音速条件下,少量的射流流量(占3%的主流流量)就可以使核心区长度缩减一半以上,在天顶角90°方向探测喷流的红外辐射强度,各个方位角上都有较大衰减,与激励源垂直的平面上的衰减效果相比,与之平行的平面上的更为强烈.      

Novel orbit-attitude combination mode for solar power satellites to reduce mass and fuel

Solar power satellite receives great attention because it can release the energy crisis and environmental problems in the future. However, the launch and maintenance costs are tremendous due to the large system mass and large fuel consumption to counteract space perturbations. To reduce mass and fuel, a novel quasi-Sun-pointing attitude in Sun-frozen orbit is proposed. The Sun-frozen orbit has a nonzero eccentricity vector that always points towards the Sun. The quasi-Sun-pointing attitude is a periodic solution of the Sun-pointing attitude angle. Although about 3 % electricity must be given up because of the variation of Sun-pointing attitude angle, little control action is required to deal with the solar radiation pressure and gravity-gradient torque. The algorithm to obtain initial conditions is proposed. The influences of system parameters and structural flexibilities are studied. Simulation results reveal that the quasi-Sun-pointing attitude in Sun-frozen orbit dramatically reduce fuel consumption, the dry mass, and complexity of the control system. In addition, structural vibration is hardly induced by the gravity-gradient torque. Thus, the bending stiffness as well as the mass of the supporting structure can be reduced.     

飞机发动机冷气道与隔热层的耦合传热分析

数值研究了某飞机发动机外侧冷气道与隔热层的耦合传热过程。采用低雷诺数k-ε模型与SIMPLEC算法计算通道内可压缩变物性气流的湍流对流换热,采用蒙特卡罗法求解通道壁面间的辐射换热。通道内气流湍流对流换热、壁面间辐射换热与隔热层内导热耦合求解。通过模拟计算,分析了通道与隔热层的耦合传热机制,考察了相关参数的影响。结果表明,在所考虑的通道结构与空气流条件下,冷气道外环壁面的温度高于气流温度,气流对内外环壁面均起冷却作用;在隔热层参数不变条件下,壁面间的辐射换热与气流的对流冷却是该传热过程的控制机制,增大冷气流量、降低壁面发射率均可显著降低隔热层的外壁面温度。