伴随卫星的燃料-时间优化回收

伴随卫星回收是伴星应用中的一项主要技术。航天任务需求对伴星回收问题不仅提出了最省燃料要求，而且提出了最小时间要求。本文设计了一条稳定的燃料-时间优化回收轨道。从相对运动的Hill方程出发，给出伴星回收问题描述，阐述回收轨道设计思想及稳定回收条件，提出一种有效的螺旋式回收策略，探讨参数确定方法，并对回收轨道的特点和稳定性进行分析，最后研究了燃料消耗量与回收时间及初始相位的关系。仿真结果表明，利用螺旋回收策略，可以保证伴随卫星快速、稳定回收，且能在燃料消耗量与回收时间之间寻求最佳折衷。     

基于在轨热环境的可展开天线反射面精度调整技术

随着宇航事业的发展,网状展开天线的尺寸越来越大,对形面精度要求越来越高(特别是高频段),在轨热环境与地面调整点的热环境差别大,必须采用基于在轨热环境的网面精度调整技术以满足反射面的精度要求。就在轨热环境下的辅助牵引面式网面精度调整技术的理论分析及调整方法进行了探讨,给出了计及在轨热环境的网面形状精度调整的基本理论公式及调整步骤,并对某样机进行了调整计算。计算结果表明,文中的分析、公式、方法是正确的,可行的。     

太阳帆日心定点悬浮转移轨道设计

研究了太阳帆航天器日心定点悬浮轨道(HFDO)的转移轨道设计问题,以球坐标形式建立了太阳帆的动力学模型,基于该模型给出在日心悬浮轨道基础上实现定点悬浮的条件,提出了一种实现日心定点悬浮的转移轨道设计方法。首先,确定定点悬浮的位置;然后,设计经过该位置的绕日极轨轨道;最后,实施轨道减速实现定点悬浮,并给出了解析形式的轨道控制律。结合太阳极地观测任务,设计了定点悬浮在太阳北极1AU处的太阳帆转移轨道。仿真结果表明:该轨道转移方案总耗时3.5年,太阳帆定点到黄北极距日心1AU处,此后只要保持太阳光垂直照射帆面,即可维持稳定的悬浮状态。     

Attitude determination of planetary exploration rovers using solar panels characteristics and accelerometer

In this study, we propose a new attitude determination system, which we call Irradiance-based Attitude Determination (IRAD). IRAD employs the characteristics and geometry of solar panels. First, the sun vector is estimated using data from solar panels including current, voltage, temperature, and the normal vectors of each solar panel. Because these values are obtained using internal sensors, it is easy for rovers to provide redundancy for IRAD. The normal vectors are used to apply to various shapes of rovers. Second, using the gravity vector obtained from an accelerometer, the attitude of a rover is estimated using a three-axis attitude determination method. The effectiveness of IRAD is verified through numerical simulations and experiments that show IRAD can estimate all the attitude angles (roll, pitch, and yaw) within a few degrees of accuracy, which is adequate for planetary explorations.     

地球静止轨道微波辐射计技术

静止轨道微波辐射计可实现全天时、全天候、高频次云雨大气观测,在台风、流域性强降水探测和预报方面发挥重要作用。但在波束扫描、多频复用、系统定标等方面的运用存在较大困难,世界上尚无在轨应用先例。现从探测需求出发,对静止轨道微波辐射计进行了系统方案设计。提出了卫星平台与辐射计部件快慢结合扫描的方法,以解决波束扫描和系统定标难题;提出了低频选入射角层叠式布局准光学频段分离方法,以解决多频段复用难题。研制了微波辐射计原理样机,通过实验室和外场试验验证了系统设计,为静止轨道微波探测卫星研制提供了一定指导。     

椭圆轨道卫星对地全球覆盖电推进控制

针对椭圆轨道卫星近/远地点的星下点对全球或特定纬度区域的访问问题,提出一种连续小推力下的对地覆盖控制策略。首先,推导了自然摄动对卫星拱线变化的影响,并探讨了进行小推力覆盖控制的必要性。然后,针对燃料消耗的优化问题,将控制方程展开成含傅里叶级数的形式,用以获得便于星上计算的解析形式的次优解,同时探讨了截取阶数与优化程度的关系。在进行拱线控制的同时,通过合理设置约束,对椭圆轨道的近地点高度进行保护,确保卫星安全运行。仿真结果表明,提出的方法能够以适当的燃料消耗代价实现椭圆轨道的近/远地点的全球覆盖控制或特定纬度区域的反复推扫,且控制力在可接受的范围内。     

典型轨道环境效应及对在轨卫星影响分析

近年来,各航天大国对空间轨道资源的挖掘与应用不断拓展.超低轨道、椭圆轨道、坟墓轨道、拉格朗日点等,因其在快速重访、定点观测、空间攻防、科学探索等方面的优势,逐步纳入各国防灾减灾、战事快响、导弹预警、空间突防和太阳观测等应用领域.随着卫星在轨经历的空间环境变得更加复杂,空间环境效应引发的卫星故障和异常情况日益突出.本文围...     

Feasibility of performing space surveillance tasks with a proposed space-based optical architecture

Under ESA contract an industrial consortium including Aboa Space Research Oy (ASRO), the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), and the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), proposed the observation concept, developed a suitable sensor architecture, and assessed the performance of a space-based optical (SBO) telescope in 2005. The goal of the SBO study was to analyse how the existing knowledge gap in the space debris population in the millimetre and centimetre regime may be closed by means of a passive optical instrument. The SBO instrument was requested to provide statistical information on the space debris population in terms of number of objects and size distribution. The SBO instrument was considered to be a cost-efficient with 20 cm aperture and 6° field-of-view and having flexible integration requirements. It should be possible to integrate the SBO instrument easily as a secondary payload on satellites launched into low-Earth orbits (LEO), or into geostationary orbit (GEO). Thus the selected mission concept only allowed for fix-mounted telescopes, and the pointing direction could be requested freely. Since 2007 ESA focuses space surveillance and tracking activities in the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) preparatory program. Ground-based radars and optical telescopes are studied for the build-up and maintenance of a catalogue of objects. In this paper we analyse how the proposed SBO architecture could contribute to the space surveillance tasks survey and tracking. We assume that the SBO instrumentation is placed into a circular sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude. We discuss the observation conditions of objects at higher altitude, and select an orbit close to the terminator plane. A pointing of the sensor orthogonal to the orbital plane with optimal elevation slightly in positive direction (0° and +5°) is found optimal for accessing the entire GEO regime within one day, implying a very good coverage of controlled objects in GEO, too. Simulations using ESA’s Program for Radar and Optical Observation Forecasting (PROOF) in the version 2005 and a GEO reference population extracted from DISCOS revealed that the proposed pointing scenario provides low phase angles together with low angular velocities of the objects crossing the field-of-view. Radiometric simulations show that the optimal exposure time is 1–2 s, and that spherical objects in GEO with a diameter of below 1 m can be detected. The GEO population can be covered under proper illumination nearly completely, but seasonal drops of the coverage are possible. Subsequent observations of objects are on average at least every 1.5 days, not exceeding 3 days at maximum. A single observation arc spans 3° to 5° on average. Using a simulation environment that connects PROOF to AIUB’s program system CelMech we verify the consistency of the initial orbit determination for five selected test objects on subsequent days as a function of realistic astrometric noise levels. The initial orbit determination is possible. We define requirements for a correlator process essential for catalogue build-up and maintenance. Each single observation should provide an astrometric accuracy of at least 1”–1.5” so that the initially determined orbits are consistent within a few hundred kilometres for the semi-major axis, 0.01 for the eccentricity, and 0.1° for the inclination.     

用于卫星入轨段测控的箭载天基测控中继系统

为满足卫星入轨段关键遥测参数下传和遥控指令上传的需求,设计了一种用于卫星入轨段测控的中继系统,方案主要基于火箭现成天基测控终端和卫星现成测控设备。介绍了中继系统的组成、工作原理和工作流程,研究了天基测控相控阵天线波束指向算法,设计了一种卫星遥测、遥控信号中继功能的地面测试系统。该箭载中继系统在快舟一号甲火箭上完成了两次飞行试验验证,两次飞行试验中继转发的卫星遥测数据完整,箭载卫星通信终端接收用户卫星遥测数据的载噪比大于20dB;地面测控中心接收天基遥测返向信号比特信噪比相对接收门限有3dB以上的余量。试验表明,该箭载天基测控中继系统通信链路余量充足,工作可靠,相比通过地面测控资源保障或卫星自身使用天基测控可节省一半以上成本。     

基于预警卫星观测数据的弹道重构算法研究

地球静止轨道顶警卫星弹道重构是弹道导弹防御的一个重要环节，利用基于Stirting插值逼近的非线性KALMAN滤波方法，对凝视型弹道重构算法进行了研究。在对导弹动力学模型分析的基础上，建立了弹道状态方程组和观测方程组，并对滤波计算中的初值选取，参数变换进行了讨论。滤波计算中的初值选取所用的多项式拟合方法，可以进行扫描型弹道重构的实现，但精度不高。通过仿真计算，对算法的可行性进行了验证。