固体火箭发动机喷管集成设计分析技术研究

固体火箭发动机喷管不仅结构形式多样,而且工作条件恶劣,长期以来难以找到一种通用的设计计算和分析的一体化方法。文中在大量研究喷管的结构形式、流动模型及传热模型基础上,利用先进的计算机辅助设计技术、有限元技术和两相流分析技术,研制出了喷管一体化设计、分析和计算软件。它可为喷管的热结构分析和发动机工作过程数值模拟提供参考。     

燃油温度对离心喷嘴雾化特性影响的试验

对某中心分级燃烧室头部的三种型号离心喷嘴副油路燃油喷入静止大气中的雾化特性进行了试验研究,获得了不同进口燃油温度(-40~80 ℃)和供油压差对燃油雾化特性的影响规律。利用相位多普勒粒子测量技术（PDPA）测量了沿流向距离离心喷嘴出口30 mm平面上的油雾特性,并利用激光粒度分析仪对试验结果进行了进一步验证。研究结果表明:①离心喷嘴的流量数随燃油温度的升高而逐渐减少,且在低温段下降幅度更大;②测量平面上沿直径各处的Sauter平均直径（SMD）在低温段随燃油温度的升高而减小,且油锥中心处的SMD下降幅度更大;③利用激光粒度分析仪测得的油雾场粒径分布在一定程度上验证了PDPA测量结果的正确性,液滴特征直径和液滴尺寸分布系数随供油压差的增大而减小。     

燃油温度对离心式喷嘴雾化性能影响

以离心式压力雾化喷嘴为研究对象,对不同压力下燃油温度对航空煤油雾化特性的影响进行了实验测试和数值模拟研究,获得了燃油在喷嘴内的流动特性及温度、压力对燃油雾化特性参数的影响规律。实验研究了燃油温度变化范围在-20 ℃至50 ℃的雾化特性,数值模拟对燃油温度在-50 ℃至50 ℃范围内喷嘴内燃油的流动特性及燃油的雾化特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明:燃油压力对雾化特性影响不大;在所研究的温度范围内,温度增加会导致雾化角增大、索太尔平均直径（SMD）减小、周向分布不均匀性增大,在-20 ℃升至50 ℃时SMD由45 μm降低到30 μm;油膜厚度会随燃油温度的降低而增厚,有利于提高燃油周向分布均匀性,但会导致雾化液滴直径增大。     

摩擦力和气体压力对双节套筒式喷管展开的影响

分析计算了作动筒内摩擦力、延伸出口锥端面密封摩擦力、大气压力及喷管中燃气压力对双节套筒式延伸喷管展开特性的影响,其分析计算方法对双节套筒式延伸喷管设计及展开时间预估有指导作用。     

双节套筒式延伸喷管运动分析

用质心运动定理对双节套筒式延伸喷管的展开过程进行分析,得到一个二阶常微分方程;然后用四阶龙格－库塔法进行数值求解,可得到延伸出口锥的轴向位移、速度和加速度及展开时间,并以单节套筒式延伸喷管为例;计算结果与试验基本吻合．     

Aerospike nozzle contour design and its performance validation

A simplified design and optimization method of aerospike nozzle contour and the results of tests and numerical simulation of aerospike nozzles are presented. The primary nozzle contour is approximated by two circular arcs and a parabola; the plug contour is approximated by a parabola and a third-order polynomial. The maximum total impulse from sea level to design altitude is adopted as objective to optimize the aerospike nozzle contour. Experimental studies were performed on a 6-cell tile-shaped aerospike nozzle, a 1-cell linear aerospike nozzle and a 3-cell aerospike nozzle with round-to-rectangle (RTR) primary nozzles designed by method proposed in present paper. Three aerospike nozzles achieved good altitude compensation capacities in the tests and still had better performance at off-design altitudes compared with that of the bell-shaped nozzle. In cold-flow tests, 6-cell tile-shaped aerospike nozzle and 1-cell linear aerospike nozzle obtained high thrust efficiency at design altitude. Employing gas H₂/gas O₂ (GH₂/GO₂) as propellants, hot-firing tests were carried out on a 3-cell aerospike nozzle engine with RTR primary nozzles. The performance was obtained under two nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) lower than design altitude. Efficiency reached 92.0–93.5% and 95.0–96.0%, respectively. Pressure distribution along plug ramp was measured and the effects of variation in the amount of base bleed on performance were also examined in the tests.     

带喉道注气的轴对称收扩喷管内流场计算研究

通过对带喉道注气控制的轴对称收扩喷管内流场计算研究,分析了喉道注气对喷管内流特性的影响.研究结果表明,相同落压比(NPR)下,随着二次流压比(SPR)的增大,喷管推力系数和流量系数均减小,其中对喷管推力系数的影响低于2%,而对喷管流量系数的影响可超过15%.并在此基础上,分别研究了喷管扩张比和调节片长度对喉道控制效果的影响,得到研究范围内相对较好的喷管计算模型.      

Spray characteristics of jet–swirl nozzles for thrust chamber injector

Thrust chamber injector is very critical component since that small differences in its design can result in dramatically different performance. This paper presents a preliminary investigation of a mono-propellant jet–swirl nozzle for thrust chamber using the existing commercial nozzle made of brass with little modification. The performance of two types of spray pattern, i.e. hollow cone and solid cone were investigated under cold flow test. Two solid cone injectors were studied at various purely axial orifice diameter with all other parameters remaining constant. This investigation reveals that decrease in the breakup length increased the spray angle. Higher injection pressure leads to shorter breakup length and higher value of discharge coefficient, except for hollow cone nozzle which shows mild fluctuating trend. Experimental data also tells that solid cone nozzle with diameter ratio 0.14 has the highest average discharge coefficient (0.60), followed by hollow cone nozzle (0.25). Solid cone nozzle with diameter ratio of 0.1 has an average discharge coefficient of 0.21.     

隔热屏位置对矢量喷管红外特征影响

建立了包括加力燃烧室隔热屏在内的轴对称矢量喷管内外流一体化流场计算模型,重点研究了某涡扇发动机隔热屏位置对矢量喷管扩张段壁温及通过矢量喷管喷口发射的红外辐射强度的影响.结果表明:基于密度求解器求解包含隔热屏在内的矢量喷管内外流一体化的跨声速流场、温度场和质量分数场是成功的;随着隔热屏覆盖喷管收敛段的长度增加,喷管扩张段壁温呈现出先下降而后上升的规律,存在一个最佳的隔热屏位置.最后利用作者提出的离散净辐射法,编制程序计算得到了隔热屏位置对通过喷管喷口发射的红外辐射强度的影响规律.      

Numerical simulation of multi-phase combustion flow in solid rocket motors with metalized propellant

Multi-phase flowfield simulation has been performed on solid rocket motor and effect of multi-phases on the performance prediction of the solid rocket motor(SRM) is investigation.During the combustion of aluminized propellant,the aluminum particles in the propellant melt and formliquid aluminum at the burning propellant surface.So the flow within the rocket motor is multi phase or two phase because it contains droplets and smoke particles of Al2O3.Flowsi mulations have been performed on a large scale motor,to observe the effect of the flowfield onthe chamber and nozzle as well.Uniform particles diameters and Rosin-Rammler diameter distribution method that is based on the assumption that an exponential relationship exists betweenthe droplet diameter,dand mass fraction of droplets with diameter greater thandhave been used for the si mulation of different distribution of Al2O3 droplets present in SRM.Particles sizes in the range of 1-100μm are used,as being the most common droplets.In this approachthe complete range of particle sizes is dividedinto a set of discrete size ranges,eachto be defined by single streamthat is part of the group.Roe scheme-flux differencing splitting based on approxi mate Riemann problem has been used to si mulate the effects of the multi-phase flowfeild.This is second order upwind scheme in which flux differencing splitting method is employed.To cater for the turbulence effect,Spalart-All maras model has been used.The results obtained show the great sensitivity of this diameters distribution and particles concentrations to the SRMflowdynamics,primarily at the motor chamber and nozzle exit.The results are shown with various sizes of the particles concentrations and geometrical configurations including models for SRM and nozzle.The analysis also provides effect of multi-phase on performance prediction of solid rocket motor.