超声波流量计在航天器推进系统中的应用分析

超声波流量计作为一种先进的流量计量仪器已经在工业上得到广泛的应用,其高精度、易安装、不受环境因素影响等特性为航天器在轨推进剂计量带来了新的思路.超声波的反射特性使得该装置也可作为推进剂管路内流体状态的监测及故障诊断的有力工具.简介了超声波流量计的原理及发展,分析了该装置对航天器推进系统的计量及检测的适用性,并针对该项技术在中国航天器推进系统中的应用提出了具体建议.     

斜出口合成射流激励器横流输运特性与边界层控制

研制了一种斜出口合成射流(BSJ)激励器,应用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术获得了合成射流的瞬态和时均流动结构,分析比较了斜出口和常规平直出口激励器流场的异同。该斜出口激励器能将周围气体进行有方向的能量和质量输送控制,时均流场呈现沿壁面的横向流动输运特性。解释了横向流动输运的形成机理,并应用该激励器进行了边界层控制实验。研究结果表明:通过改变激励器的工作电压和频率,可方便有效地实现对平板边界层速度型的调控,使受控边界层速度型更"饱满",这对控制推迟边界层分离非常有利。     

微型涡轮发动机燃油闭环控制起动方法

采用微压差方法进行燃油流量测量,达到低压损、高精度和快速响应的目的.设计了孔板式计量段,对不同节流孔径的计量段进行了标定试验.试验结果表明:在设定的测量范围内,节流孔两侧压差的平方根与流量成线性关系,与理论分析结果一致.在此基础上,研究微型涡轮发动机起动过程供油流量闭环控制问题.设计了单神经元PID(比例-积分-微分)控制器,对燃油流量进行了闭环控制试验.与开环控制方法相比,新的控制方法动态性能好,调节精度高.最后,采用单神经元PID控制器进行了微型涡轮发动机燃油闭环控制起动试验,显著提高了起动过程的快速性与可靠性.      

节流通风的航空发动机轴承腔腔压计算方法

为解决节流通风的航空发动机轴承腔的腔压难以计算的问题,考虑节流孔处通风介质可压缩性,结合某典型节流通风轴承腔的实例,分析了节流通风的发动机轴承腔通风气体流动的特点,提出了其腔压计算方法.通过实例计算,结果表明:计算值与试验值的绝对误差较小,结果满足滑油系统与空气系统联合计算的工程需要.该计算方法可为节流通风的航空发动机轴承腔腔压计算提供参考.      

高压柱塞泵压力脉动分析及抑制措施

高压柱塞泵压力脉动影响液压系统工作性能。本文在分析高压柱塞泵压力脉动机理与现象的基础上,介绍了抑制压力脉动的四种措施,即壳体内设置缓冲瓶、配油盘带有节流孔、柱塞采用封闭薄壁结构、在泵的变量机构处增加一个补偿器。实践表明,这些抑制措施是有效可行的。     

Energy-saving and accurate motion control of a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads

Pump controlled hydraulic actuators are wildly used in the aerospace industry owing to the advantages of energy-saving and integrated configurations. Negative loads may occur to actuators due to external force loads or the inertial force when the actuator decelerates significantly. Uncertain negative load working conditions may cause cavitation, actuator vibration, and even instability to the motion control if the actuator is without sufficient meter-out damping. Various types of hydraulic configuration schemes have been proposed to deal with negative loads of hydraulic actuators. However, few of them can simultaneously achieve energy saving and high control accuracy. This study proposes an energy-saving and accurate motion tracking strategy for a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads. The actuator’s motion is driven by a servomotor pump, which gives full play to the advantage of energy-saving. The meter-out pressure is controlled by proportional valves to provide the optimized meter-out damping. The nonlinear adaptive robust control law is designed, which guarantees the control stability and achieve high tracking accuracy. An integrated direct/indirect adaptation law obtains satisfactory parameter estimations and model compensation for asymptotic motion tracking. Comparative experiments under different working conditions were performed to validate the advantages of the proposed control strategy.     

Diagnostic and modelling investigation on the ion acceleration and plasma throttling effects in a dual-emitter hollow cathode micro-thruster

Hollow cathode discharges are widely used as neutralizers for the electric propulsion systems and recently developed into micro-thrusters for the small satellites. In this work, a dual-emitter hollow cathode thruster is developed, which can be operated in two different modes—the neutralizer mode and the micro-thruster mode. For characterizing this kind of new device, the Langmuir probe, Faraday probe, and retarding potential analyzer are used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, ion flux, and ion energy distribution function. The operating parameters, including the thrust, and specific impulse, are also measured. A two-dimensional self-consistent extended fluid model is employed to calculate the spatial distribution of plasma parameters and the fluid field of electrons in the region around the emitters. By comparing the diagnostic and modelling results, it is found that the change in the electric field and ionization zone is the essential reason for the different performances of the device in the neutralizer and micro-thruster modes. Variation in the electric field leads to an ion acceleration effect in the micro-thruster mode; moving of the ionization zone raises the plasma pressure in the orifice region of the hollow cathode, and thus leads to enhanced plasma throttling and gas expanding effects. By analyzing the above mechanisms, the possible methods for improving this kind of hollow cathode micro-thruster are discussed.     

直流式喷嘴开口率声学抑制能力影响

根据喷嘴长度和入口边界条件,将液体火箭发动机气液同轴式喷嘴简化为4类:四分之一波长闭管、二分之一波长闭管、四分之一波长开管和二分之一波长开管。采用线性声学理论对喷嘴入口开口率的声学抑制影响进行了研究,得到了入口开口率声学影响规律。结果表明:在标准长度和最佳长度2种条件下,开口率对喷嘴抑制能力的影响差别很大。合理选择开口率和喷嘴长度能够有效提高喷嘴抑制能力。研究结果可为喷嘴长度和入口射流条件优化设计、燃烧室声学振荡抑制提供参考。     

低温流体节流过程空化现象的形成与发展规律

文章将RNG 湍流模型与完全空化模型相结合,对孔板节流所导致的低温流体空化流动进行数值模拟,得出了流场中的含气率与压力分布的变化规律。数值模拟研究还发现:由于孔板节流作用使得流场中最低压力出现在孔板喉部,并在此位置出现空化初生点;在低温空化流动中,泡状空化、云状空化、超空化3种空化形态相继出现。分析了空化初生点的压力以及含气率的变化规律,得出了3种空化形态的气相组成;分析了3种空化形态的初生标志,对临界空化状态进行了界定。     

菱形孔射流在超声速流场中的气动特性

针对带有横向射流的三维超声速流场进行数值模拟,分析了菱形结构喷孔与普通圆孔的差异,并探讨了不同喷射角度下菱形喷孔对流场的影响.研究结果表明:与普通圆孔相比,采用菱形孔射流能够减弱弓形激波的强度、降低总压损失,增加燃料的穿透高度,但是在展向方面两者对于燃料的扩散能力基本相同;随着喷射角度的增加,燃料的穿透高度表现出先增加后降低的趋势,在计算的3种模型中,喷射角为60°表现出更好的特性;喷射角度在一定范围内变化时,总压损失的改变不明显,但是过大的喷射角度会导致总压损失迅速增加.通过研究进一步认识了菱形孔射流的流场特性,为优化喷射装置提供依据.