Martian Buildings: Design loading

Multiplanetary life has been studied by scientists as a way to supply energy or sustain human life in the future. Mars is likely to be man’s first destination, colonization using onsite structural construction would be one of the main options. The first step to designing a reliable building is to know the applied structural loads and to have an accurate design load combination. Due to lack of complete knowledge, short span of recorded data, Martian environment, and hazardous environment that Martian structures face, constructed Martian structures should behave appropriately under the highest likely live, dead and environmental loads either simultaneously or as a worst-case scenario. The present study evaluated and calculated probable Martian structural loads, including live, internal pressure, snow, gravity (dead), dust accumulation, thermal stress, wind, marsquake, asteroid, and meteoroid impact loads and their effects. Information was gathered from previous studies and valid data from Martian landers, rovers and orbiters. Wind loads were calculated based on the over 6.5 years of data recorded by Vikings 1 and 2, temperature and winds for InSight (TWINS) sensor. A wind shear exponent and wind profile have been proposed for a Martian flat terrain construction site. Marsquake lateral loads, frequency content and seismicity were assessed using data from the seismic experiment for interior structure (SEIS) and the Viking 2 seismometer. Considering the high influx of micrometeoroids, their penetration distance, impact loads and their effects on structures were calculated. The annual probability of an asteroid impact on a settlement was assessed for a 30-year mission. A load map for Martian residential buildings that considers the worst-case scenario in which a Martian structure should be designed based on them has been proposed.     

海南澳毒蛾属Orvasca Walker(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)一新种

描述了海南澳毒蛾属 Orvasca Walker 一新种,即异色澳毒蛾O.heterocolor sp.nov..新种与近似种的主要区别在于后翅基半部浅灰色,端半部淡黄色;抱器瓣深分叉,背侧一壁宽大,长方形,腹侧一壁相当小,三角形;阳茎直,近端部凹陷;阳茎端膜膨大,密被微刺.提供了成虫和雄性生殖器图片.