收扩喷管加小突片对尾喷流红外辐射的影响

针对收扩喷管,在高温(约640℃)、高速(超音速)流动状态下,实验研究了加装小突片后对飞机发动机尾喷流红外辐射的抑制效果,并探讨了小突片堵塞比、小突片后倾角度等因素对红外辐射抑制特性的影响。结果表明,小突片对热射流的红外辐射具有明显的抑制作用,不仅使热射流的核心区长度大为缩短,而且使热射流的总体红外辐射信号大幅度下降(在本文实验范围内,最大可下降约57%)。      

带有双层壁扩压器的波瓣喷管混合流场的数值计算

采用三维贴体曲线坐标网格,边界网格加密且正交,在整个计算区域进行全场计算。为避免因波瓣造成的网格强烈的非正交引起解的发散,采用了Chen和Kim修正的k-ε湍流模型及同位网格SIMPLC计算方法,对带有双层壁扩压器的波瓣喷管混合流动进行了数值计算和分析。对波瓣及双层壁,采用大粘性的方法解决流固耦合。计算结果表明:在双层壁间有外界冷气流被引射进入,形成了壁面的冷却气流;自波瓣出口截面沿流向产生的环流速度场,强化了主次流的掺混,速度分布渐趋均匀。计算结果与实验数据符合良好,二者在离开波瓣52 mm的混合管内相对主流速度的最大误差为21.65 %。     

超音尾喷流红外抑制方案的研究

超音速发动机尾喷流的红外抑制是超音速飞行器隐身性能的重要组成部分。本文提出两种超音速尾喷流的红外抑制方案二次旋流方案与组合波瓣方案 ,并对两种方案共 7组试验件在不同的结构和二次流速度情况下进行了大量重复试验。在旋流方案试验中 ,对二次流加旋诱发大尺度流向涡进行了系统的研究 ,得到旋流角度、二次流速度等对掺混效果的影响规律 ,试验结果表明 :对于本结构方案 ,当二次流速度为 49m/s,旋流角在 3 0°左右 ,掺混效果最好 ,且随二次流流速的增加而加强。在组合波瓣方案的试验中 ,对组合波瓣用于超音尾喷流红外抑制进行了研究 ,试验结果表明可对超音尾喷流的红外起到有效的抑制作用。     

The Cassini Visual And Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (Vims) Investigation

The Cassini visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) investigation is a multidisciplinary study of the Saturnian system. Visual and near-infrared imaging spectroscopy and high-speed spectrophotometry are the observational techniques. The scope of the investigation includes the rings, the surfaces of the icy satellites and Titan, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. In this paper, we will elucidate the major scientific and measurement goals of the investigation, the major characteristics of the Cassini VIMS instrument, the instrument calibration, and operation, and the results of the recent Cassini flybys of Venus and the Earth–Moon system.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

S135钻杆的摩擦焊接、热处理对其组织与性能的影响

对S135钻杆同种钢材36CrNiMo4A的摩擦焊接、热处理工艺参数及其强韧性进行了试验分析和研究,分析了原有摩擦焊接和热处理工艺造成接头韧性偏低的原因,优化了摩擦焊接和热处理工艺参数,改善和提高了S135钻杆的组织和性能,达到甚至超过了同类产品NKKS135钻杆的组织和性能。     

红外窗口内冷防热机理及其性能预测

给出了红外窗口内冷防热机理和防热性能预测.以液氨作为冷却剂在窗口内通道流动,利用液氨由液态转化为气态的相变过程中大量吸热的特性,达到冷却窗口的目的.并采用有限元方法计算外部具有对流加热,内部有冷却剂吸热的窗口材料温度分布.本文计算结果与地面电弧加热器实验测量结果作了比较,两者较为吻合,验证了防热预测方法的可行性.     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

正庚烷液滴在微细直管中的燃烧特性实验

为了解微细直管对液滴形成和燃烧稳定性的影响,采用正庚烷作为燃料在内径为4mm的石英直管中的进行了实验研究.其结果显示:首先在不加热时,容易形成液滴,正庚烷体积流量小于40μL/min 时,火焰稳定性受液滴滴落的影响较大,液滴的蒸发主要受到空气体积流量影响下的火焰位置的影响;大于40μL/min时,液膜形成,火焰受液滴滴落影响不大.其次,管壁加热温度为180℃时,正庚烷体积流量低于60μL/min时难以形成液滴,大于60μL/min时液滴滴落后不形成液膜,液滴的蒸发受空气流速的影响较大,在液滴滴落以及空气流速的影响下,微燃烧器温度的变化对燃料的蒸发产生更大的影响,富燃较贫燃更易形成连续的火焰.空气流速大小对管壁温度影响明显,空气流速越小,管壁温度越高,液滴蒸发速率越大.      

高超声速复杂气动问题数值方法研究进展

高超声速流场具有复杂流动特征,其中真实气体效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等对气动力分析产生了重要影响。将流体力学研究扩展到分子动力学、电磁流体力学以及流固耦合等交叉学科领域,这给数值模拟方法带来了巨大挑战。针对高超声速气动力/热分析的热点问题,重点关注高温效应与低密度流动效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等,结合算例分析了相应的数值求解技术;在气动热方面主要比较了3类求解方法(纯工程方法、纯数值方法和基于Prandtl边界层理论的方法),并给出了相应算例;对于气动力/热/结构耦合问题,从耦合模型及耦合计算方法两方面开展了分析。最后指出了高超声速复杂气动问题数值求解技术未来需重点关注的几个方面。     

涡扇发动机轴对称引射收敛喷管红外辐射特性

数值研究了涡扇发动机轴对称引射收敛喷管的红外辐射特性.排气系统的流场计算采用商用数值模拟软件,红外辐射特性计算采用自主开发的软件NUAA-IR,计算分析了轴对称收敛喷管和引射收敛喷管在3~5μm波段红外辐射特性以及喷管内不同固体壁面在探测方向上的红外辐射贡献.结果表明:引射收敛喷管的红外抑制作用主要在于引射加强了尾喷流与环境大气的掺混,减小了尾喷流的长度,降低了燃气流的红外辐射;引射收敛喷管对喷管内固体壁面的遮挡以及降温作用很小,只在方位角为20°方向上对内涵壁面、外涵内壁等中低温壁面有效;引射收敛喷管的总积分辐射强度在方位角为0°~15°范围内与收敛喷管几乎相等,在其他方位角范围内均小于收敛喷管,且在方位角为40°方向上降低幅度达到最大,约为34%.