弱旋流喷嘴的污染排放和燃烧稳定性分析

基于弱旋流喷嘴(LSI)的弱旋流燃烧技术具有极低的NOx污染排放能力.分析了弱旋流燃烧的稳定燃烧和降低污染排放的原理,发现其特殊的流动形式及其与湍流火焰传播的匹配是决定其燃烧稳定性和污染排放的主要因素.而弱旋流喷嘴的旋流叶片角度、直径比和流量比等关键参数会影响LSI的下游流动特征,进而影响其燃烧性能.燃料对LSI燃烧稳定性和污染排放的影响主要是通过火焰传播速度和绝热火焰温度发挥作用.为了将液体燃料应用于LSI,目前主要采用了预混预蒸发的方式,试验结果表明:其NOx排放可比采用常规强旋流喷嘴的燃烧室降低10%~60%,但存在自燃和回火的风险.而LSI喷雾燃烧的方式,则需要针对弱旋流液雾燃烧开展更深入的基础研究.只有解决了液体燃料的LSI应用问题,才能发展出不同于传统强旋流燃烧的新一代航空发动机超低排放燃烧室.      

爆震燃气轮机的变比热容热力循环性能

为分析变比热容下爆震燃气轮机的热力循环性能,建立了考虑比热容随工质成分及温度变化的爆震燃气轮机热力循环模型,分析中同时考虑了压气机、燃烧室、透平等部件的效率.在不同比较条件下,利用变比热容法对比分析研究了燃气轮机爆震循环(DCGT)、Brayton循环和Humphrey循环燃气轮机的热力循环性能.计算结果表明:与Brayton循环相比,DCGT具有较大性能优势;在透平前温度为1620K且压比为16.5时,DCGT热效率较Brayton循环高28.8%;在无量纲吸热量为4.25且压比为16.5时,DCGT热效率则较Brayton循环高30.7%.      

Effects of synthetic jet frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct

Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of synthetic jet actuation frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct. The Reynolds number based on the entrance height was 9.78×105. At first, the numerical model was validated with experimental data, and then, the interaction between the separated flow and the synthetic jets at different frequencies was discussed. The results demonstrate that the control effect is significantly dependent on the momentum mixing enhancement between inside of the separated boundary layer and the outer flow. There exists a narrow range of actuation frequency, in which effective separation control can be achieved using synthetic jets. A dimensionless frequency F+=1.0 is identified as the optimal frequency, with a momentum coefficient of 1.62×10-3, the separation area is reduced about 46%, and the aerodynamic performance of the S-duct is also greatly improved compared to uncontrolled case. Further analysis reveals that the choice of actuation frequency is mainly determined by the momentum flux produced by a single ejection and the spacing between adjacent ejections, the optimal frequency case can be understood as a balance between the two factors. In addition, it is found that the synthetic jets can also suppress the secondary flows while decreasing the separation.      

高超声速导弹等离子体合成射流控制数值研究

快响应控制技术已成为高超声速飞行器发展的关键技术之一,具有极快响应、零质量特性的等离子体合成射流(PSJ)已在超声速流动控制方面初步显示出优异的控制能力,极有潜力应用于高超声速飞行器的快响应控制。基于等离子体合成射流的快响应特性,提出了高超声速飞行器等离子体合成射流快响应控制技术,并通过建立简化的高超声速导弹流场控制模型,对等离子体合成射流控制高超声速导弹进行数值研究。首先,理论分析了高超声速导弹流场的典型结构特征,导弹流场中存在3个特征流场结构。在此基础上,在导弹3个特征位置前面安装等离子体合成射流激励器,研究等离子体合成射流对高超声速流场结构的控制作用,分析由此导致的导弹表面压力分布、升阻特性以及俯仰力矩特性变化。数值仿真结果表明:等离子体合成射流对高超声速导弹外流场中膨胀波和斜激波都具有控制作用,使得波的强度均变弱,且对斜激波的控制效果更为显著;导弹流场结构及气动特性变化具有很强的射流跟随性,射流作用下的导弹流场变化响应时间非常短,仅为0.2 ms;通过合理布置等离子合成射流激励器的位置,可以使得导弹表面压力分布快速改变,从而实现高超声速导弹姿态的快速控制。     

分开排气式喷管喷流噪声预测及试验研究

为揭示涡扇发动机分开排气式喷管喷流噪声的频谱分布和指向特性,对喷管缩比模型远声场喷流噪声进行了预测及试验研究,并开展了全尺寸喷管基准型及锯齿型喷流噪声的预测工作。结果表明:采用Tam & Auriault方法可以预测出喷流噪声的声压级值和空间指向分布,喷流噪声具有明显的指向性。与基准型喷管相比,锯齿型喷管具有良好的降噪效果;内外涵锯齿型喷管在中低频段的降噪效果优于内涵锯齿型喷管,在高频段的降噪效果差于内涵锯齿型喷管;在本文研究参数范围内,指向角小于88°时内外涵锯齿型喷管总声压级(OASPL)值高于内涵锯齿型喷管。     

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

低马赫数下多凹腔燃烧室非稳态燃烧过程

作为稳定火焰的有效手段之一,凹腔构型在冲压发动机燃烧室研究中占有重要地位。在对以煤油为燃料的多凹腔燃烧室冷/热态流动特性分析的基础上,重点研究低进口马赫数条件下燃烧室点火起动初期非稳态过程。结果表明：上游凹腔内大涡结构有助于提高燃料的驻留时间,未燃混气被高速主流带入下游凹腔内继续反应,进一步提高燃烧效率;燃油喷射速度决定被卷吸进回流区的燃油质量分数的大小,进而影响燃烧效率高低;燃烧室点火起动初期出现了主流熄火、火焰逆流传播以及主流再着火等复杂现象,火焰逆流传播现象是在上游凹腔内燃料自燃与下游燃烧释热压缩来流两种机制共同作用下完成的。     

Design and implementation of rigid-flexible coupling for a half-flexible single jack nozzle

The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering implementation of continuous Mach number regulations. To fulfill the requirements of a free jet inlet/engine compatibility test within a wide simulation envelop, both uni-form flow-fields of continuous acceleration and deceleration are necessary. In this paper, the aero-dynamic design methods of an expansion wall and machinery implementation plan for the half-flexible single jack nozzle were researched. The profile control in nozzle flexible plate design was studied with a rigid-flexible coupling method. Design and calculations were performed with the help of numerical simulation. The technique of axial free stretching of the flexible plate was used to improve the matching performance between the designed elasticity profile and the theoretical one, and the rigid-flexible coupling structure was calibrated by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that the flexible plate aerodynamic design method used here is effective and feasible. Via rigid-flexible coupling design, the flexible plate agrees with the rigid body very well, and continuous Mach number changes can be achieved during the tests. The nozzle’s exit flow-field uniformity meets the requirements of China Military Standard (GJB).     

火花放电合成射流与超声速来流相互干扰特性数值模拟研究

为了指导火花放电式合成射流激励器在超声速流动控制中的应用,数值模拟研究了火花放电合成射流与超声速来流的相互干扰特性。研究表明火花放电式合成射流在超声速流场中产生强烈扰动,产生较强的激波结构;随着射流的喷出,激励器上游分离区和流场中激波呈先增强后减弱的趋势,激波由弓形激波逐渐弱化为斜激波,并且随着放电能量的增加射流与主流的动量通量比不断增大,射流的干扰和控制能力显著增强。由于超声速流的较大惯性及其对腔内气体的引射作用,激励器的腔体回填速率大幅下降、回填时间明显增长,使得激励器的工作频率受到很大限制。     

多齿轮缘封严特性的实验

使用气体体积分数法得到了多齿轮缘封严的封严效率分布,获得封严效率随无量纲封严流量变化规律,最终拟合得出实验工况下的最小封严流量计算关联式（实验中主流雷诺数为1.42×105~3.20×105,旋转雷诺数为5.27×105~1.36×106）.通过对二氧化碳体积分数的测量结果表明:在盘腔内部高半径处封严效率较低,而低半径处封严效率一直处于较高的水平;封严效率随封严流量的变化与Owen封严效率方程有较好符合度,说明可以用封严效率方程对多齿轮缘封严进行预测,实验结果进一步扩展了其应用范围.