Interior Evolution of Mercury

The interior evolution of Mercury—the innermost planet in the solar system, with its exceptional high density—is poorly known. Our current knowledge of Mercury is based on observations from Mariner 10’s three flybys. That knowledge includes the important discoveries of a weak, active magnetic field and a system of lobate scarps that suggests limited radial contraction of the planet during the last 4 billion years. We review existing models of Mercury’s interior evolution and further present new 2D and 3D convection models that consider both a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity and core cooling. These studies provide a framework for understanding the basic characteristics of the planet’s internal evolution as well as the role of the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, mantle viscosity, and sulfur content of the core have had on the history of Mercury’s interior. The existence of a dynamo-generated magnetic field suggests a growing inner core, as model calculations show that a thermally driven dynamo for Mercury is unlikely. Thermal evolution models suggest a range of possible upper limits for the sulfur content in the core. For large sulfur contents the model cores would be entirely fluid. The observation of limited planetary contraction (∼1–2 km)—if confirmed by future missions—may provide a lower limit for the core sulfur content. For smaller sulfur contents, the planetary contraction obtained after the end of the heavy bombardment due to inner core growth is larger than the observed value. Due to the present poor knowledge of various parameters, for example, the mantle rheology, the thermal conductivity of mantle and crust, and the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, it is not possible to constrain the core sulfur content nor the present state of the mantle. Therefore, it is difficult to robustly predict whether or not the mantle is conductive or in the convective regime. For instance, in the case of very inefficient planetary cooling—for example, as a consequence of a strong thermal insulation by a low conductivity crust and a stiff Newtonian mantle rheology—the predicted sulfur content can be as low as 1 wt% to match current estimates of planetary contraction, making deep mantle convection likely. Efficient cooling—for example, caused by the growth of a crust strongly in enriched in radiogenic elements—requires more than 6.5 wt% S. These latter models also predict a transition from a convective to a conductive mantle during the planet’s history. Data from future missions to Mercury will aid considerably our understanding of the evolution of its interior.     

跨声速工况下流体诱发叶片振动研究

对同一跨声速风扇的非定常流场进行了跨声与亚声两种工况下的数值模拟.对两个工况下流场计算得到的转子叶片表面非定常气动激振力进行频谱分析,并对其进行对比分析,从而得到跨声工况下气动激振力特性.应用ANSYS软件的瞬态分析方法进行了叶片的强迫响应分析,对跨声和亚声两种工况下的叶片强迫响应进行对比分析,从而得到跨声工况下叶片强迫响应特性.      

航天器受迫绕飞构型设计与控制

针对航天器在轨服务任务对绕飞技术的要求,研究了航天器受迫绕飞构型设计和控制问题。基于C-W(Clohessy-Wiltshire)方程的解析解,提出了双水滴拼接绕飞构型,并将单脉冲或双脉冲受迫绕飞延展至多脉冲绕飞构型设计;推导了伴随航天器初始状态变量与绕飞构型形状参数的关系,得到了4种构型的解析表达式和脉冲控制策略。通过数值仿真算例验证了设计的4种绕飞构型能够实现伴随航天器的慢速绕飞和快速绕飞,比较了不同绕飞构型的燃料消耗和绕飞距离误差。数值结果表明,双水滴拼接绕飞构型总脉冲最小。研究成果完善了航天器受迫绕飞构型设计与控制的相关理论,为工程应用提供参考。     

冲击加发散双层壁冷却方式压降分配对斜孔内对流换热影响的研究

 以高推重比发动机燃烧室单位压力单位面积冷却气量为基准,研究了孔数比为1∶1 的冲击/ 发散冷却方式在不同冲击壁和发散孔壁压降分配情况下的发散斜孔内的局部换热系数和平均换热系数。研究发现,压降分配比例的变化对孔进口区( x/ d < 4) 的换热增强有较大的影响。通过CFD 计算孔内的流动,分析了孔进口区换热系数增强的原因。并给出了周向平均换热增强系数的拟合公式,为进一步的换热优化打下了基础。     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段非对称来流下激波串受迫振荡流动研究

用非对称马赫1.98的隔离段直连实验研究了不同波形不同频率的脉动反压对隔离段内流动的影响。实验结果表明:隔离段能有效地隔离不同频率不同波形周期性反压脉动对上游进气道的影响;反压脉动以第二特征波速向上游传播,但在激波振荡区域,压力脉动主要受激波振荡的影响;厚附面层一侧的下壁面激波振荡区域内压力脉动前传时以指数规律衰减,衰减的程度随着频率和波形的改变而改变。而薄附面层的上壁面激波振荡区域内压力脉动前传时不是单调下降,而是波动的。     

具有干摩擦散乱失谐的叶盘受迫响应特性

阻尼件是叶盘结构中起减振作用的主要部件,而阻尼件的干摩擦散乱失谐会影响其在叶盘振动中的减振作用。本文利用谐波平衡法与快速傅立叶变换技术,对具有非线性干摩擦力的叶盘受迫响应进行了数学建模,仿真分析了叶盘系统在各种耦合、粘性阻尼比、干摩擦强度、干摩擦散乱失谐程度等参数影响下的受迫响应规律。研究结果显示,叶盘系统在弱耦合和粘性阻尼比较大的情况下,干摩擦散乱失谐会导致叶盘共振幅值显著增大。      

利用PIV方法测量半浮区液桥热毛细对流的速度场

利用PIV法对硅油液桥热毛细对流的定常速度场进行了实时测量。为了便于测量,液桥上桥端面采取了铜环中嵌透明材料的方法,从液桥的顶部进行观测。当液桥上下桥有温差时,热毛细对流出现;本实验对于不同上下桥的温差,对液桥横剖面内的速度场分别进行了测量,研究外加温差对于流场速度分布的影响;并且在液桥中取了几个典型横截面进行测量,以期对大Pr数液桥的定常速度场有比较全面的定量测量。此外,实验结果也可作为数值模拟计算结果的验证。     

固定转捩在改善振荡来流下低雷诺数翼型气动性能中的应用

低雷诺数下,翼型表面易于出现的分离转捩现象会降低翼型的气动性能,采用数值计算方法探讨了固定转捩在改善低雷诺数下翼型气动性能中的应用。定常来流下,雷诺数为4×104时,在翼型E387上表面自由转捩位置之前的一定位置处使翼型固定转捩,计算结果表明分离区减小了,升力系数和升阻比明显提高。振荡来流下,雷诺数在8×104的50%范围内变化时,分别计算了NACA4412在0°迎角和E387在3°迎角时自由转捩及在60%弦长处固定转捩的升阻特性,结果显示自由转捩的翼型当雷诺数减小时,性能急剧恶化,而采用固定转捩的翼型受其影响要小得多,具有更加稳定的气动性能。     

Old tail lobes effect on the solar-wind – Magnetosphere energy transport for the 27 August 2001 substorm

The magnetic flux of tail lobes Ψ is divided in two parts of comparable values Ψ₁ and Ψ₀₂, with the first that appears during substorm and the second, observed before substorm start. The first was named “new magnetic flux”, the second – “old magnetic flux”. The first, Ψ₁, is known to play a definitive role in the energy transport from the solar wind into the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system, but the role of Ψ₀₂ in this transport is not well known. From the 27 August 2001 substorm data we study the involvement in the above transport process of the old flux Ψ₀₂. This involvement is observed in the polar cap (PC) area, which existed prior to the substorm and is called respectively “the old PC”. In this study, as distinct from earlier works, we use the balance equation of the energy stored in magnetosphere and energy consumed. Activation of the old PC magnetic flux Ψ₀₂ was found to increase the energy input by ∼85% in the event under consideration.     

Free oscillations and response of a viscous liquid in a rigid circular cylindrical tank

The natural damped frequencies and the response to translational excitation of a viscous liquid in a circular cylindrical container are obtained. The response of the liquid surface elevation above its equilibrium position, as well as the viscous liquid force in x-direction due to translational excitation in this direction have been numerically evaluated. In this analysis the side wall adhesive boundary conditions have been satisfied, while only the normal bottom condition has been observed. This makes the results of the analysis applicable to liquid height ratio h/a>1.