小型螺旋桨飞机动力装置特性试验研究

小型螺旋桨飞机的动力装置一般由活塞式发动机和螺旋桨两个主要部分组成。本文用实验验证和理论计算的方法,研究了活塞式发动机和螺旋桨性能传统的估算方法所得到的数据与实测结果之间的偏差,并进一步研究了发动机和螺旋桨性能参数的不同匹配对整个飞机动力装置特性的影响。研究结果表明,传统的估算方法对于装小型活塞式发动机的螺旋桨飞机也是适用的。用传统的估算方法所得到的各种性能数据与实验测试数据比较,相对误差的最大值均低于１０％,这对工程应用来说,是可以接受的。文中还用试验数据和试飞实例说明了对动力装置匹配参数加以优化的重要性。     

Y12F飞机局方审定飞行试验研究

审定飞行试验是局方根据TIA所确定的飞行试验科目进行的试飞,民用飞机为获得型号合格证应进行审定飞行试验。回顾了Y12F飞机的整个审定飞行试验历程,提出了审定试飞发现问题的分类方法,给出了问题类别的确认技术,分析了问题对适航规章条款符合性的影响,并研究了问题产生的原因及解决方案,最终确定了需重新进行符合性验证的相关条款。通过补充验证飞行试验表明了飞机工程更改后对适航规章条款的符合性,通过补充审定飞行试验对申请人所提交的符合性验证资料进行了核查,确认了Y12F飞机对适航规章的符合性。     

基于角加速度估计的非线性增量动态逆控制及试飞

针对非线性增量动态逆（INDI）控制方法运用到飞行试验时需要进行状态量导数（角加速度）的实时估计并且存在延迟等问题进行了研究,并给出了工程应用上的实际解决方案。对试飞无人机（UAV）平台进行了动力学建模,利用非线性增量动态逆控制方法和控制器分层设计方法设计了无人机姿态控制系统。采用卡尔曼滤波器设计了角加速度估计器为控制律提供角加速度实时反馈。通过基于模型的控制系统设计方法将控制律实现,并进行实际试飞试验。结果表明：该控制方法工程上可实现,具备良好的鲁棒性和指令跟踪能力。     

Electric discharge in the Martian atmosphere,Paschen curves and implications for future missions

Electric discharge between two electrically charged surfaces occurs at a well-defined, gas-dependent combination of atmospheric pressure and the distance between those two surfaces, as described by Paschen’s law. The understanding of when the discharge will occur in the conditions present on Mars is essential for designing space-flight hardware that will operate on the Martian surface as well as understanding electrical discharge processes occurring in the Martian atmosphere. Here, we present experimentally measured Paschen curves for a gas mixture representative of the Martian atmosphere and compare our results to breakdown voltages of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium as measured with our system and from the literature. We will discuss possible implications for instrument development as well as implications for processes in the Martian atmosphere. The DC voltage at which electric discharge occurred between two stainless steel spheres was measured at pressures from 10⁻² to 100 torr in all gases. We measured a minimum voltage for discharge in the Mars ambient atmosphere of 410 ± 10 V at 0.3 torr cm. As an application, the breakdown properties of space-qualified, electrical wires to be used in the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) were studied.     

鸭式旋翼/机翼飞行器转换末段气动特性

采用数值模拟方法研究鸭式旋翼/机翼(CRW,Canard Rotor/Wing)飞行器在转换过程末段,旋翼转速极低时全机气动特性变化规律及其产生原因.给出了旋翼旋转一周时,全机气动力、气动力矩、焦点位置变化规律,对此布局形式,转换过程末段全机升力、阻力变化幅度可达10.7%,3.7%,焦点可移动0.6 m.研究显示:旋翼处于前后不对称流场及旋翼处于不同方位角时对机体的不对称干扰是气动力与气动力矩变化原因,旋翼与平尾升力线斜率变化、旋翼自身焦点位置变化导致了全机焦点移动.      

持续载荷飞行模拟器过失速机动过载模拟

对新型的持续载荷飞行模拟器(SGFS,Sustained G-load Flight Simulator)模拟过失速机动过载的方法进行了研究.针对过失速机动中飞机角运动剧烈的特点,推导了考虑飞机转动带来的附加过载的飞机飞行员过载计算公式.在SGFS过载模拟数学模型中应用此公式,以典型的过失速机动动作.Herbst机动为例,对机动时的飞行员过载进行了仿真研究.仿真中SGFS能够较精确地跟踪输入的飞行员三轴过载指令,最大误差小于0.2g.研究结果表明:过失速机动时飞机转动引起的附加过载不可忽略,同时也表明SGFS可较好地用于对过失速机动飞行员过载的模拟.     

编队卫星空间状态与星间基线的建模与分析

针对编队卫星任务中起重要作用的星间基线指标,在考虑精度需求的基础上对用于确定星间基线的空间状态量进行了选择,建立了空间状态量与星间基线的关联数学模型,提供了误差分析方法,仿真给出了一定场景设置下的精度影响因子等指标以定量刻画二者之间的误差传播关系。基线长度仅与编队卫星的相对空间状态有关,而基线姿态角还与主星的绝对姿态有关;且由卫星空间状态得到星间基线的过程中误差放大。     

碟形飞行器纵向飞行品质

碟形飞行器是一种新颖的,采用翼身融合布局的飞行器.应用经典飞行动力学理论的线性化小扰动方法对碟形飞行器在低速条件下的纵向稳定特性进行了仿真计算,采用时域分析的方法对其纵向模态进行了分析,得到了碟形飞行器的纵向飞行品质状况,并进行了试飞验证.同时将碟形飞行器同常规布局飞机和飞翼飞机的特性做了简要的对比,分析了碟形飞行器同二者的异同之处和产生的原因.研究结果表明,碟形飞行器纵向模态稳定,具有良好的纵向飞行品质和综合性能.      

Leaf proteomic analysis of three rice heritable mutants after seed space flight

To explore the proteomic changes of heritable variant rice plants induced by space environment, three mutants were selected after seed space flight by comparing the phenotypes with their on-ground controls. R955 grew more tillers and became dwarf, 971-5 acquired higher grain yield and better stress resistance, 974-5 matured earlier. Leaf proteins were extracted during the tiller development and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). More than 300 proteins were detected as reproducible Coomassie Brilliant Blue stained spots with pI values from around 4.0 to 7.0. Five proteins that changed significantly over the controls were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The main functions of these proteins were photosynthesis, stress defense and metabolism including RuBisCO activase, glycine rich RNA binding protein, peroxidase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, which might be probably associated with the altered phenotypes. Quantitative analyses were also applied: less total protein spots and more down-regulated protein spots were detected in the mutants, indicating there might be a major loss of protein in heritable variant rice plants after seed space flight. These results may provide new insights to understand the biological effects of space environment to rice.     

多操纵面飞机综合重构飞行控制方法

为提高飞机飞行安全性能,将被动重构控制与主动重构控制相结合,提出了一种综合重构飞行控制系统设计方法.采用轨迹线性化控制方法进行飞行控制律设计,使系统具有较强的鲁棒性.针对多操纵面飞机,提出面向故障的操纵面管理概念,通过基排序最优控制分配方法以基底的形式对操纵面进行重新组合,并按照期望控制目标进行排序,实现在操纵面故障下的控制重构.仿真结果表明,该控制系统能有效处理各种典型操纵面故障,在操纵面发生故障时仍能快速跟踪控制指令,保证较好的飞行性能.