Assessing ecohydrological factors variations and their relationships at different spatio-temporal scales in semiarid area,northwestern China

As a typical semiarid farming-pastoral ecotone sensitive to the environmennt, the Plain of West Liaohe Basin (WLBP) is currently experiencing drastic environmental changes. To identify how environmental change affect vegetation in the WLBP, we analysed spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Ecological environment factors based on monthly and annual air temperature (T), precipitation (P) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1982 to 2015. And the correlations between them were investigated by correlation analysis (Simple correlation, partial correlation and complex correlation) at temporal and spatial scale. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation growth of the WLBP showed ameliorated trend, with a change rate of 0.004/yr.; (2) P was more sensitive to NDVI than T; (3) and the influence of hydrothermal changes on vegetation growth was more significant than that of the change of single climate factors at time scales; (4) the effects of anthropogenic factors on vegetation change were 75.07% (1982–1993) and 98.08% (1994–2015), respectively. At the temp-special scales, P&T and land use type change (LUCC) were the main climatic and anthropogenic factors that affect vegetation changes, respectively.     

航空工业技术进步的经济效益分析

运用非中性技术进步模型对航空工业1954年～1988年的技术进步与经济增长情况进行了定量研究,所得结论是:在航空工业35年的发展过程中,劳动投入增长对产出增长的贡献是第一位的,其次是技术进步增长,最后是资本投入增长。文章最后对我国航空工业的技术进步与经济增长政策提出两点建议。     

涡扇发动机低压轴断裂故障在线检测方法

针对低压轴断裂易引起涡轮飞转的问题,需在运营环境中进行涡扇发动机低压轴断裂的机载在线检测。采用机载测量的高压物理转速和低压物理转速等参数,建立了基于物理转速变化率和转差关系的低压轴断裂故障在线检测方法。通过发动机工况仿真识别了能够准确区分正常加减速过程、喘振过程和断轴过程的物理参数,设置了检测判定逻辑和判定阈值。结果表明:在断轴后的0.1 s内,低压转速变化率出现瞬间最小值;在0.2 s内,高压转速变化率变为正值。该方法检测响应时间为0~0.5 s,可以实时检测出低压轴断裂故障,有利于控制系统及时采取停车等处理措施以防止核心机被损坏,不会由于发动机正常停车、加减速、喘振和高压轴断裂而导致虚警,检测可靠性高,具有较高的工程实用性。     

机载单站无源定位三维模型及其仿真

针对在空间作匀速直线运动的目标，建立了机载单站无源定位的三维模型。给出了其中的预处理过程和系统状态方程，并采用UKF算法进行滤波处理以提高定位精度。仿真结果表明，模型和算法有效。与扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)相比，在初始误差较大时UKF也能快速收敛。     

等热流条件下相变导热仿生优化

为强化微重力条件下相变材料的熔化释冷过程,采用仿生优化的思想和有限元方法研究了导热空间内高导热材料的最佳布置方案。研究表明,采用温度梯度的时间积分作为布置高导热材料的判断标准,可把导热仿生优化的思想的应用由稳态问题扩展到非稳态具有相变的问题。和人工构造方案法相比,仿生优化得到的方案可以明显强化释冷过程、降低热流入口温升;且能克服其工作量大,所得方案不一定包含最优方案的不完备性问题。     

Long-term changes in indices of geomagnetic activity at the auroral station Sodankylä

Here we compare the traditional analog measure of geomagnetic activity, Ak, with the more recent digital indices of IHV and Ah based on hourly mean data, and their derivatives at the auroral station Sodankylä. By this selection of indices we study the effects of (i) analog vs. digital technique, and (ii) full local-time vs. local night-time coverage on quantifying local geomagnetic activity. We find that all other indices are stronger than Ak during the low-activity cycles 15–16 suggesting an excess of very low scalings in Ak at this time. The full-day indices consistently depict stronger correlation with the interplanetary magnetic field strength, while the night-time indices have higher correlation with solar wind speed. The Ak index correlates better with the digital indices of full-day coverage than with any night-time index. However, Ak depicts somewhat higher activity levels than the digital full-day indices in the declining phase of the solar cycle, indicating that, due to their different sampling rates, the latter indices are less sensitive to high-frequency variations driven by the Alfvén waves in high-speed streams. On the other hand, the night-time indices have an even stronger response to solar wind speed than Ak. The results strongly indicate that at auroral latitudes, geomagnetic indices with different local time coverage reflect different current systems, which, by an appropriate choice of indices, allows studying the century-scale dynamics of these currents separately.     

对我国促进环境保护的财税政策改革研究

从财税政策的视角，对我国现阶段环境保护工作中财政收入、支出等各方面政策的制定、实施情况进行分析，揭示环境保护工作中财政税策存在的不足，进而就建立环境财政体系、改革税收制度提出具体建议。     

Coastal sea level changes in Europe from GPS,tide gauge,satellite altimetry and GRACE, 1993–2011

Sea level changes are threatening the human living environments, particularly along the European Coasts with highly dense population. In this paper, coastal sea level changes in western and southern Europe are investigated for the period 1993–2011 using Global Positioning System (GPS), Tide Gauge (TG), Satellite Altimetry (SA), Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and geophysical models. The mean secular trend is 2.26 ± 0.52 mm/y from satellite altimetry, 2.43 ± 0.61 mm/y from TG+GPS and 1.99 ± 0.67 mm/y from GRACE mass plus steric components, which have a remarkably good agreement. For the seasonal variations, annual amplitudes of satellite altimetry and TG+GPS results are almost similar, while GRACE Mass+Steric results are a little smaller. The annual phases agree remarkably well for three independent techniques. The annual cycle is mainly driven by the steric contributions, while the annual phases of non-steric (mass component) sea level changes are almost a half year later than the steric sea level changes.     

Extraterrestrial environmental impact assessments – A foreseeable prerequisite for wise decisions regarding outer space exploration,research and development

Although existing international instruments such as the Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement generally express sentiments for minimizing missions' extraterrestrial environmental impacts, they tend to be limited in scope, vague and generally unenforceable. There is no formal structure for assessing how and to what extent we affect those environments, no opportunity for public participation, no uniform protocol for documenting and registering the effects of our actions and no requirement to mitigate adverse impacts or take them into consideration in the decision-making process. Except for precautions limiting forward biological contamination and issues related to Earth satellites, environmental impact analysis, when done at all, remains focused on how missions affect the Earth and near-Earth environments, not how our actions affect the Moon, Mars, Europa, comets and other potential destinations. Extraterrestrial environmental impacts are potentially counterproductive to future space exploration, exploitation and scientific investigations. Clear, consistent and effective international protocols guiding a process for assessing such impacts are warranted. While instruments such as the US National Environmental Policy Act provide legally tested and efficient regulatory models that can guide impact assessment here on Earth, statutory legal frameworks may not work as well in the international environment of outer space. A proposal for industry-driven standards and an environmental code of conduct based, in part, on best management practices are offered for consideration.     

浅谈环境会计核算方法

生态环境的恶化使环境保护问题日益受到关注,各国不断加强对环境会计核算体系的研究,并取得一定的成果。但是,在我国有关环境会计核算的理论和实务研究尚处于起步阶段。本文从环境会计的内涵着手,对企业环境会计事项包含的内容,以及大循环成本理论下的账户设置进行了较为深入的探讨和研究。以期能对我国相关会计准则的建设、提高环境会计信息的可比性有所助益。