Properties of solar X-ray flares and proton event forecasting

X-ray flares and acceleration processes are in one complex of sporadic solar events (together with CMEs, radio bursts, magnetic field dissipation and reconnection). This supposes the connection (if not physical, but at least statistical) between characteristics of the solar energetic proton events and flares. The statistical analysis indicates that probability and magnitude of the near-Earth proton enhancement depends heavily on the flare importance and their heliolongitude. These relations may be used for elaboration of the forecasting models, which allow us to calculate probability of the solar proton events from the X-ray observations.     

5,5′-二硝基-3,3′-偶氮基-1-氢-1,2,4-三唑（DNAT）的合成和性能研究

以3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑为原料,经过重氮化、选择性还原、酸性氧化3步,合成出目标化合物5,5′-二硝基-3,3′-偶氮基-1-氢-1,2,4三唑(DNAT),通过红外光谱、元素分析、质谱分析进行了结构鉴定,并进行了DSC-TGA、燃烧性能分析、感度测试等性能研究。实验结果表明,5,5′-二硝基-3,3′-偶氮基-1-氢-1,2,4-三唑(DNAT)化合物具有密度高(1.88 g/cm3)、正的生成焓(446.448 kJ/mol)、热稳定性能好的特点,是一种性能良好的高氮含能化合物。     

The role of volcanic aerosols and relativistic electrons in modulating winter storm vorticity

Small changes in the vorticity of winter storms, responding to solar wind variations, are found in winters from 1957 to 2011, and are greater for winters with higher levels of stratospheric volcanic aerosols. Using 1993–2011 data, the response of the vorticity area index (VAI) is shown to be of larger amplitude when the days of minima in the relativistic electron flux (REF) precipitating from the radiation belts are used, instead of heliospheric current sheet (HCS) crossings, as key days in superposed epoch analyses. The HCS crossings mostly occur within a few days of the REF minima. The VAI is an objective measure of the area of high cyclonic vorticity, and for the present work is derived from ERA-40 and ERA-Interim reanalyses of global meteorological data. The VAI dependencies on the stratospheric aerosol content (SAC) and the REF are consistent with a model in which the ionosphere-earth current density (J_z) affects cloud microphysics. One of the ways in which J_z is modulated is by changes in stratospheric column resistance (S), which is increased by stratospheric aerosols. Because S is in series with the tropospheric column resistance (T), J_z modulation by REF requires that S be not negligible with respect to T. So the J_z modulation and the VAI response appear when the SAC is very high, or the REF reductions (which also increase S) are very deep, and when the product of the SAC and the reciprocal of the REF exceeds a threshold value dependent on T.     

非热电子束流在耀斑环中能量的沉积

本文计算了非热电子束流通过库仑碰撞和反向电流过程在均匀截面的耀斑环中的能量沉积,讨论了非热电子束流对耀斑软X射线等离子体的加热和耀斑非热模型的能量收支平衡问题。      

高能液体推进剂研究现状和应用前景

高能液体推进剂的发展有四个方面：金属化凝胶推进剂、高密度吸热型碳氢燃料推进剂、纳米材料液体推进剂、添加含能材料的液体推进剂。本文围绕高能液体推进剂的发展方向,综合论述了国内外的研究现状和应用前景分析,并提出了我国技术发展的初步思路。     

一步法制备BAMO-THF型热塑性弹性体及其力学特性

以一缩二乙二醇(DEG)为扩链剂,通过一步熔融聚合法,制备得到高含量3,3-二叠氮甲基氧丁环与四氢呋喃共聚醚(BAMO-THF)型含能热塑性弹性体(ETPE)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和广角X-射线衍射仪(WXRD)表征制备的ETPE结构,动态力学热分析(DMA)、万能材料试验机、邵氏硬度仪研究其力学性质。结果表明,制备的BAMO-THF型ETPE具有明显的叠氮型聚醚聚氨酯弹性体特征。在加载应力和温度作用下,由于其线性分子链结构,ETPE试样蠕变程度较大。此外,扩链剂含量的增加并不利于ETPE延伸率和低温性能的提高。其中软段BAMO-THF含量达到93.3%,硬段含量仅为6.7%的D20试样力学性能较佳,抗拉强度和断裂伸长率分别为3.61 MPa和1 277%,低温玻璃化转变温度为-23.4℃。     

Charged particles on the Earth–Jupiter–Europa spacecraft trajectory

Charged particle fluxes on the trajectory of future Russian space research mission to Jupiter and its satellite Europa are investigated. The existing experimental data and models of Jupiter’s main magnetic field and radiation belts are summarized. Preliminary results of computations of energetic particle fluxes and radiation doses for each stage of the flight are given. Special attention is paid to estimation of radiation conditions in Europa’s orbit and on its surface; influence of the satellite on spatial distribution of the fluxes of charged particles of various energies is studied.     

Superthermal electron’s effects on lump solitons structures in magnetized auroral plasma

Based on the considerations of the acknowledgements of the numerous space observations by satellites in the auroral plasma, astrophysics plasmas, spacecraft observations, various plasma models have been framed and revealed different interesting features, like electrostatic structures, solitary waves, double layers, supersolitons, etc. Soliton theory is a very efficient and competent way to describe nonlinear features. Using Viking satellite data in the auroral plasma, we have derived lump soliton solutions of the Kadomstev-Petviashvili (KP) equation by employing Hirota bilinear method. Due to its wide range of applications, the study of lump soliton is very attractive and important too. It has been shown that the lump solitons structures as well as in the one-dimensional form of lump soliton are varied with associated parameters in the auroral magnetized plasma. During the analysis of the features of the lump solitons, it is found that the system parameters play a pivotal role on the lump solitons structures.     

Ozone destruction by solar electrons in relation to solar variability and the terrestrial latitude

Precipitating electrons from the radiation belts with energies greater than from 150 keV to 5 MeV have been correlated with ozone data of a large number of stations located within 40–70° N. Energetic electrons have been collected by the low altitude polar Russian satellite METEOR while ozone data have been compiled from almost ninety (90) stations located all over the world within the latitude zone 40–70° N.     

近月空间带电粒子环境——“嫦娥1号”“嫦娥2号”观测结果

“嫦娥1号”（CE-1）、“嫦娥2号”（CE-2）都安装了1台太阳高能粒子探测器（High-energetic ParticlesDetectors,HPD）和2台太阳风离子探测器（Solar Wind Ion Detectors,SWIDs）,进行了月球轨道200 km和100 km空间环境探测,获得了月球轨道空间高能带电粒子（质子、电子和重离子）能谱随时间的演化特征、等离子体与月球相互作用特征以及太阳风离子速度、密度和温度参量。空间环境探测数据分析结果表明：太阳活动低年、空间环境扰动水平相对较低、月球处于太阳风中时,近月空间带电粒子环境的基本特征与行星际空间相比变化不大。CE-1、CE-2在轨运行期间,发现了多起0.1～2 MeV能量电子急剧增加事件,这些事件发生在月球从太阳风运动到磁尾的所有空间区域,其中20%的事件伴随着卫星周围等离子体离子加速。模拟和统计研究表明：能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降导致了离子加速现象的发生;能量电子总流量大于10¹¹ cm^-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负的上千伏。此外,月表溅射与反射太阳风离子、太阳风“拾起”离子等空间环境事件的发现,揭示了太阳风离子和月球存在复杂的相互作用过程。