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431.
Yaliu Ding Kohei Arai 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
A method for estimation of forest multiple light reflections depending on forest parameters is introduced, based on Monte-Carlo simulations of photon transport with experimental considerations. The model is verified through experiments with two miniature forests, in which two types of small-sized trees with ellipsoid- and cone-shaped crowns are arranged in a grid array. The introduced method was confronted with experimental measurements and showed small deviations from the measured values. It was found that the simulation of three-dimensional photon trajectories allowed a reliable evaluation of multiple light reflections among trees. In addition, the multiple reflections among trees due to the changes of tree inter-distance, crown type and crown shape were clarified with the proposed method. 相似文献
432.
250座级翼身融合无尾布局客机操稳特性设计研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
翼身融合(BWB)飞翼布局是未来新一代客机的热点方案之一,然而由于没有常规尾翼,面临着稳定性和操纵性方面的困难。为此,在一架250座级BWB客机布局设计研究基础上,根据平衡、增稳和机动等要求,设计了操纵面配置方案;根据适航要求和电传飞机飞行品质要求设定增稳目标,并将其直接纳入特征结构配置要求中,通过前向通道修正响应类型,保证获得与飞行阶段相适应的响应特征和满意的飞行品质参数;为了提高安全性,在增稳控制设计基础上,在指令回路增设了姿态保护和限制模块。研究结果表明, 该设计方案能够提供较合适的稳定性和操纵性,控制增稳后具有满意的飞行品质,保护模块可达到预期效果。 相似文献
433.
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436.
为提高大迎角飞行状态下的战斗机等作战飞机控制系统的稳态精度,改善其控制系统的动态性能,对某型飞机俯仰方位控制系统结构进行改进设计。通过引入积分环节,将其俯仰方位控制系统由0型系统变为I型系统,提高了控制精度及抗干扰能力。通过合理配置俯仰方位控制系统控制规律传动比,对其动态性能也进行了有效改进。仿真结果显示:所设计的飞机俯仰方位控制系统结构合理,控制规律传动比配置恰当,对大迎角飞行状态下的飞机,其控制系统稳定性得到提高,其动、静态性能得到改善。 相似文献
437.
Dust is an important constituent of cometary emission; its analysis is one of the major objectives of ESA’s Rosetta mission
to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C–G). Several instruments aboard Rosetta are dedicated to studying various aspects of
dust in the cometary coma, all of which require a certain level of exposure to dust to achieve their goals. At the same time,
impacts of dust particles can constitute a hazard to the spacecraft. To conciliate the demands of dust collection instruments
and spacecraft safety, it is desirable to assess the dust environment in the coma even before the arrival of Rosetta. We describe
the present status of modelling the dust coma of 67P/C–G and predict the speed and flux of dust in the coma, the dust fluence
on a spacecraft along sample trajectories, and the radiation environment in the coma. The model will need to be refined when
more details of the coma are revealed by observations. An overview of astronomical observations of 67P/C–G is given, because
model parameters are derived from this data if possible. For quantities not yet measured for 67P/C–G, we use values obtained
for other comets, e.g. concerning the optical and compositional properties of the dust grains. One of the most important and
most controversial parameters is the dust mass distribution. We summarise the mass distribution functions derived from the
in-situ measurements at comet 1P/Halley in 1986. For 67P/C–G, constraining the mass distribution is currently only possible
by the analysis of astronomical images. We find that both the dust mass distribution and the time dependence of the dust production
rate of 67P/C–G are those of a fairly typical comet. 相似文献
438.
439.
The combination of recent observational and theoretical work has completed the catalog of the sources of heliospheric Pickup
Ions (PUIs). These PUIs are the seed population for Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs), which are accelerated to high energies at
or beyond the Termination Shock (TS). For elements with high First Ionization Potentials (high-FIP atoms: e.g., H, He, Ne,
etc.), the dominant source of PUIs and ACRs is from neutral atoms that drift into the heliosphere from the Local Interstellar
Medium (LISM) and, prior to ionization, are influenced primarily by solar gravitation and radiation pressure (for H). After
ionization, these interstellar ions are pickup up by the solar wind, swept out, and are either accelerated near the TS or
beyond it. Elements with low first ionization potentials (low-FIP atoms: e.g., C, Si, Mg, Fe, etc.) are also observed as PUIs
by Ulysses and as ACRs by Wind and Voyager. But the low-FIP composition of this additional component reveals a very different
origin. Low-FIP interstellar atoms are predominantly ionized in the LISM and therefore excluded from the heliosphere by the
solar wind. Remarkably, a low-FIP component of PUIs was hypothesized by Banks (J. Geophys. Res. 76, 4341, 1971) over twenty years prior to its direct detection by Ulysses/SWICS (Geiss et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100(23), 373, 1995) The leading concept for the generation of Inner Source PUIs involves an effective recycling of solar wind on grains near
the Sun, as originally suggested by Banks. Voyager and Wind also observe low-FIP ACRs, and a grain-related source appears
likely and necessary. Two concepts have been proposed to explain these low-FIP ACRs: the first concept involves the acceleration
of the Inner Source of PUIs, and the second involves a so-called Outer Source of PUIs generated from solar wind interaction
with the large population of grains in the Kuiper Belt. We review here the observational and theoretical work over the last
decade that shows how solar wind and heliospheric grains interact to produce pickup ions, and, in turn, anomalous cosmic rays.
The inner and outer sources of pickup ions and anomalous cosmic rays exemplify dusty plasma interactions that are fundamental
throughout the cosmos for the production of energetic particles and the formation of stellar systems. 相似文献
440.
文兴忠 《中国民航飞行学院学报》2013,(5):44-46
民航安全文化变革是民航安全文化自我创新、建设发展的重要途径。其变革方式有渐进性变革与突发性变革、主动变革与被动变革之分;其变革步骤主要按照PDCA循环实施;其变革规律主要是由浅层到深层、无序到有序、量变到质变。 相似文献