Effects of lunar and mars dust simulants on HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts

Exposure to lunar dust during Apollo missions resulted in occasional reports of ocular, respiratory and dermal irritations which showed that lunar dust has a risk potential for human health. This is caused by its high reactivity as well as its small size, leading to a wide distribution also inside habitats. Hence, detailed information regarding effects of extraterrestrial lunar dusts on human health is required to best support future missions to moon, mars or other destinations. In this study, we used several methods to assess the specific effects of extraterrestrial dusts onto mammalian skin by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts to dusts simulating lunar or mars soils. These particular cell types were chosen because the skin protects the human body from potentially harmful substances and because a well orchestrated program ensures proper wound healing. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to the dusts for different durations of time and their effects on morphology and viability of the cells were determined. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and by monitoring culture impedance, while phalloidin staining of the actin cytoskeleton was performed to address structural integrity of the cells which was also investigated by propidium iodide intake. It was found that the effects of the two types of dust simulants on the different features of both cell lines varied to a considerable extent. Moreover, proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes, as analyzed by Ki67 labeling, was suppressed in sub-confluent cultures exposed to lunar dust simulant. Furthermore, experimental evidence is provided for a delay in regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers from scratch-wounding when exposed to lunar dust simulant. The obtained results will facilitate further investigations of dust exposure during wound healing and will ease risk assessment studies e.g., for lunar lander approaches. The investigations will help to determine safety measures to be taken during extraterrestrial expeditions in order to minimize risks to human health associated with exposure of human skin to dust contaminants.     

Electrostatic particle collection in vacuum

Lunar grains accumulate charges due to solar-based ionizing radiations, and the repelling action of like-charged particles causes the levitation of lunar dust. The lunar dust deposit on sensitive and costly surfaces of investigative equipment is a serious concern in lunar explorations. Inspired by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), the Electrostatic Lunar Dust Collector (ELDC) was proposed for collecting already charged lunar dust particles to prevent the lunar dust threat. As the conditions for terrestrial counterparts are not valid in the lunar environment, equations developed for terrestrial devices yield incorrect predictions in lunar application. Hence, a mathematical model was developed for the ELDC operating in vacuum to determine its collection efficiency. The ratios of electrical energy over potential energy, kinetic energy over potential energy and the ratio of ELDC dimensions were identified to be the key dimensionless parameters. Sensitivity analyses of the relevant parameters showed that depending on ELDC orientation, smaller particles would be collected more easily at vertical orientation, whereas larger particles were easier to collect in a horizontal ELDC configuration. In the worst case scenario, the electrostatic field needed to be 10 times stronger in the vertical mode in order to adequately collect larger particles. The collection efficiency was very sensitive to surface potential of lunar dust and it reached the maximum when surface potential was between 30 and 120 V.     

管式电除尘器中粉尘颗粒运动轨迹的数值模拟

对管式电除尘器中的气固两相流动流场进行数值模拟 ,实质上是研究粉尘颗粒在有电场力作用下的运动轨迹。计算中 ,将气相作为连续介质 ,采用 K- ε双方程湍流模型 ,并用 SIMPL E算法对流场进行数值模拟 ;将固相作为离散体系 ,采用颗粒轨迹法计算其运动轨迹。计算时分别选取 4种电压、4种气流速度和 4种颗粒直径为计算工况 ,计算结果显示出颗粒运动特性和除尘效率 ,并指出其与电压、气流速度和颗粒粒径等 3个主要因素相关。计算结果与实验较为一致 ,表明文中提出的理论模型可用于管式电除尘器中颗粒运动的数值模拟 ,对电除尘器的研究和设计有重要的指导意义     

Design and feedforward control of large-rotation two-axis scan mirror assembly with MEMS sensor integration

As a key component of electro-optical systems, a Two-axis Scan mirror AssemblY(TSAY) is usually used for Line-of-Sight(LOS) precision pointing, tracking, scanning, and stabilizing. Therefore, it is necessary for a TSAY to have a large angular range, high dynamic characteristics, and small mirror surface distortion. Furthermore, vibration from carriers of electro-optical systems, such as spacecraft and airplanes, is inevitable, so it is critical to guarantee the control accuracy of a TSAY under vibration. In this paper, a TSAY prototype is designed and developed. To increase the control bandwidth, structural topology optimization is applied to the TSAY's elliptical mirror to reduce the moment of inertia, meanwhile keeping surface flatness. A flexible hinge is adopted to achieve a large angular range. To suppress the angular perturbation caused by the base linear vibration, an adaptive feedforward loop with base-integrated Micro-Electro-Mechanical System(MEMS) accelerators is constructed to enhance the TSAY's feedback loop. Simulation and experimental results show that the TSAY prototype's two-axis mechanical angular ranges are more than ±3.2°, the mirror surface flatness Root Mean Square(RMS) value is better than 0.04 k, and the closed-loop bandwidth is beyond 330 Hz. These are suitable for most applications. Besides, the angular perturbation caused by the base vibration can be suppressed more than 37.7% with the addition of the adaptive feedforward loop.     

静电引信探测的主要影响因素分析

文章采用电磁场数值仿真的方法对影响静电引信探测的主要因素进行了分析。首先,在导弹壳体不存在的理想情况下验证了仿真模型的准确性;然后,分析了导弹壳体存在时,导弹壳体对探测结果的影响以及壳体带电、海/地平面对探测结果的影响。仿真结果表明,导弹壳体会导致电极板上的感应电荷和感应电流比理论值大,而壳体带电、海/地平面对探测电流基本没有影响。     

液体燃料在毛细管出口扩散火焰燃烧特性

为了解微尺度扩散火焰燃烧特性,选用液体燃料,进行燃烧实验,并利用理论模型对层流火焰高度进行了预估。结果表明:毛细管层流扩散火焰尺寸随燃料流量的增加而增大,水平方向当流量大于50μL/min时,由于燃料蒸发不完全,会有液滴喷出,火焰尺寸增长速度变小;竖直方向受浮力影响,火焰高度被拉长,远大于水平方向。火焰尺寸越大,振荡越剧烈,表现为振荡周期随流量的增加而减小,且竖直方向小于水平方向。燃料含碳量影响火焰特性,含碳量越多,火焰尺寸越大,火焰越明亮,振荡越剧烈。流量较大时,含碳量较多的煤油会向管口周围喷射燃料,形成剧烈振荡的不稳定火焰。竖直方向火焰高度与管口处燃料蒸汽雷诺数成正比,Roper模型预估结果与实验结果相近,可用于计算液体烃类燃料在竖直方向的层流扩散火焰高度。      

军机型号研制工作网络图的沿革及其完善

在查阅、对比和分析国内大量飞机型号研制工作I、II级网络图的基础上,对我国航空主机厂飞机型号研制工作网络图的沿革轨迹进行了归纳和分析。根据国家有关飞机型号研制工作网络图的标准,结合现代项目管理形势发展需求,对飞机型号研制工作网络图提出了进一步完善和规范的建议。     

CVD纤维及其增强金属基复合材料强度的分布特征研究

采用单一Weibull统计分布函数来描述CVD纤维抗拉强度的分散性,发现具有不同断裂机制的缺陷所引发的断裂其拉伸强度分布分别符合Weibull分布,并具有各自独特的形态和参数;对热压复合前后的纤维的抗拉强度分布特征进行分析比较,结果表明热压复合过程对纤维的性能及抗拉强度分布特征有一定的影响,这主要是因为热压改变了纤维内部缺陷的类型和分布。另外还就以上研究结论在纤维的生产及其产品的性能表征方法、纤维增强金属基复合材料性能的非破坏性评估方法上的应用进行了讨论。     

内插管扩张室消声器的试验研究及其在航空发动机试车台上的应用

试车台排气噪声强，达标治理难度大，把研制的内插管扩张室消声器应用到试车台排气塔上，具有降噪效果显，性能稳定，流阻小，耐温性好，不产生二次污染和造价低的优点。现已建成8座内插管扩张室消声装置，其中A109排气塔顶最高噪声级为77dB(A)，总的降噪能力在70dB以上，为国内大型发动机试车台的消声工程全面达到工业噪声控制和环保标准提供了实例。     

大球静电陀螺仪小角度读出数字化方案研究

探讨了一种用于空心大球静电陀螺中的小角度光电信号读出的全数字方案,通过对比、分析和讨论,说明数字化静电陀螺小角度读出方案的优越性,并提出针对静电陀螺光电读出系统随机误差修正算法。